Discussion review
Hardey
brinkleybr8_ppt_ch011.pptx1: The Collision of Cultures
Alan Brinkley, The Unfinished Nation, 8th Edition
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America before Columbus
The Peoples of the Precontact Americas
The “Clovis” people
Archaeology and population diversity
The Archaic period
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2
North American Migrations
This map tracks some of the very early migrations into, and within, North America in the centuries preceding contact with Europe. The map shows the now-vanished land bridge between Siberia and Alaska over which thousands, perhaps millions, of migrating people passed into the Americas.
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America before Columbus (Continued)
The Growth of Civilizations: The South
The Inca in Peru
Mesoamerican civilizations
Maya
Aztec, or Mexica
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4
America before Columbus (Continued, 2)
The Civilizations of the North
Hunting, gathering, and fishing
Agricultural societies
Cahokia
Gender relations
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How the Early North Americans Lived
Like most precommercial peoples, the Native Americans survived largely on the resources available in their immediate surroundings. Note, for example, the reliance on the products of the sea of the tribes along the northern coastlines of the continent, and the way in which tribes in relatively inhospitable climates in the North—where agriculture was difficult—relied on hunting large game. Most Native Americans were farmers.
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6
Europe Looks Westward
Commerce and Sea Travel
European population growth
Strong monarchies
Portuguese exploration
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Europe Looks Westward (Continued)
Christopher Columbus
Columbus’s first voyage
Circumnavigation of the globe
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8
European Exploration and Conquest, 1492–1583
Note how Columbus and the Spanish explorers who followed him tended to move quickly into the lands of Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America, while the English and French explored the northern territories of North America.
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Europe Looks Westward (Continued, 2)
The Spanish Empire
Conquistadores
Cortés conquers the Aztecs
Brutality and greed
Spanish America
Ordinances of discovery
Catholic missions
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10
Spanish America
From the time of Columbus's initial voyage in 1492 until the mid-nineteenth century, Spain was the dominant colonial power in the New World. From the southern regions of South America to North America’s Pacific Northwest, Spain controlled one of the world's vastest empires. Note how much of the Spanish Empire was simply grafted upon the earlier empires of native peoples—the Inca Empire in what are today Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and Bolivia; and the Aztec Empire in Central Mexico.
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Europe Looks Westward (Continued, 3)
Northern Outposts
St. Augustine and Santa Fe
Popé
Pueblo revolt of 1680
Assimilation and accommodation
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Europe Looks Westward (Continued, 4)
Biological and Cultural Exchanges
Beneficial and catastrophic exchanges
Population loss from military brutality
New World crops
Complex racial hierarchy
Intermarriage, mestizos
Unfree Indian labor
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Europe Looks Westward (Continued, 5)
Africa and America
Trade states of west Africa
Ghana and Mali
Matrilineal societies
African slavery
Sugar and the slave trade
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14
The Arrival of the English
Incentives for Colonization
Scarce land
Mercantilism
Religious motives for colonization
The English Reformation
Puritans
Irish colonization
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15
The Arrival of the English (Continued)
The French and the Dutch in America
French Traders and Jesuits in Canada
Dutch Claims
New Amsterdam
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The Arrival of the English (Continued, 2)
The First English Settlements
English naval power
The Spanish Armada
Gilbert and Raleigh
Failed colony of Roanoke
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Roanoke
A drawing by one of the colonists in the ill-fated Roanoke expedition of 1585 became the basis for this engraving by Theodor de Bry, published in England in 1590. A small European ship approaches the island of Roanoke, at left. The wreckage of several larger vessels farther out to sea and the presence of Indian settlements on the mainland and on Roanoke itself suggest some of the perils the settlers encountered.
© The Gallery Collection/Corbis
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Consider the Source
Bartolomé de Las Casas, “Of the Island of Hispaniola” (1542)
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19
Debating the Past
Why Do Historians So Often Differ?
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20
America in the World
The Atlantic Context of Early American History
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21
The Unfinished Nation, 8th Edition
Next: Chapter 2 Transplantations and Borderlands
©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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