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Bowman, Nonverbal Communication, Second Edition Chapter 3: Identity and the Nonverbal Codes

Managing Identities (1 of 9)

Identity.

Considering basic building blocks.

3.1. Describe how identity relates to one’s messaging.

Managing Identities

Identity: The relatively unchanging or stable set of perceptions or ideas that we hold about ourselves.

Considering basic building blocks: It is beneficial to consider the most basic building blocks of an individual’s identity as we consider our nonverbal behaviors and how they indicate who we think we are.

Managing Identities (2 of 9)

Sex and Gender

Primary identity and sex roles.

Influences on gender development.

Sex.

Gender.

3.1. Describe how identity relates to one’s messaging.

Sex and Gender

Primary identity and sex roles:

One of our primary identities is our perceptions of how we do or don’t fit into traditional sex roles.

Being socialized to behave like boys and girls, men and women is one of our earliest experiences.

Influences on gender development: The nonverbal characteristics that help in gender identity over time are:

How much space we take up in public,

When we need help, whether we act tough or accept it,

The types of clothes we wear, and

The facial expressions we use to reveal ourselves to others.

Sex: Genital, chromosomal, and hormonal displays of maleness and femaleness.

Gender: A culturally defined understanding of what social behaviors are generally believed to be representations of masculinity, femininity, both, or neither.

Managing Identities (3 of 9)

Sex and Gender

Androgynous.

Undifferentiated.

Nonbinary.

Transgender.

3.1. Describe how identity relates to one’s messaging.

Sex and Gender

Androgynous: A culturally defined set of social behaviors that are generally believed to represent both masculinity and femininity..

Undifferentiated: Representations of neither masculinity nor femininity.

Nonbinary: A person who doesn’t identify with the biological sex assigned to them at birth.

Transgender: Displaying the cultural gender identity typically assigned to a different biological sex.

Managing Identities (4 of 9)

Sex and Gender

Gender fluid.

Gender and culture.

3.1. Describe how identity relates to one’s messaging.

Sex and Gender

Gender fluid: Refusing to display any one gender consistently, incorporating both masculine and feminine displays concurrently or at different points in time.

Gender and culture: The concept of gender is closely linked to one’s cultural experience within their unique context, and this impacts the ways that one might navigate other cultures.

Managing Identities (5 of 9)

Race and Ethnicity

Race.

Race and culture.

Ethnicity.

Ethnicity in the North America.

3.1. Describe how identity relates to one’s messaging.

Race and Ethnicity

Race: A socially constructed grouping used to categorize individuals based on observable physical features, characteristics that often emerged over many generations as people dispersed around the globe and bodies adapted to environmental conditions.

Race and culture:

The constructed race categories such as Black and Asian are often understood differently across different regions or cultures, typically varying in response to both cultural norms and systemic ideas about who “should” be grouped together to further those norms.

Because race is often “displayed” for others to see before other impressions are formed, it is common for people to feel that people are seeing them more for their race than for any other characteristic.

Ethnicity: Cultural similarities that might be held by different people within a specific racial identity or across two or more racial identity groupings.

Ethnicity in the North America:

Although recent immigrants from Italy and Ireland might both be characterized as racially “white”, there are dissimilarities in culture and practice within their new North American neighborhoods over multiple generations.

When ethnic categories cross racial groupings, the cultural experience binds people together within an ethnic group, rather than the socially constructed categories of how each person might appear at first glance.

Managing Identities (6 of 9)

Race and Ethnicity

The burden of racial stereotypes.

The unearned privilege of race.

Perceptions of one’s racial identity.

3.1. Describe how identity relates to one’s messaging.

Race and Ethnicity

The burden of racial stereotypes:

There is no biological basis for stereotypes associated with racial or ethnic heritage.

However, many people must navigate their world with the additional burden of unwarranted perceptions of their behavior, character, biology, or ethics.

The unearned privilege of race:

Unearned privilege based upon racial heritage is an unjust gift for some people.

Examples:

The white privilege for Caucasians in North America.

The male privilege that men often benefit from.

A conversation on privilege brings up many feelings; thus, it is an emotionally charged topic.

A person’s participation in the society is important to be known.

The way in which unequal power structures may have benefited people is also important.

Perceptions of one’s racial identity:

There might be different perceptions of one’s own racial or ethnic identity, depending upon their experiences both with individuals that share their own racial and/or ethnic background and with members of other races or ethnicities.

The perceptions of one’s interaction partners can be influenced by identity characteristics.

Managing Identities (7 of 9)

Culture

Combination of various backgrounds.

Influencing identity beyond memberships.

Creating wrong perception of identity.

3.1. Describe how identity relates to one’s messaging.

Culture

Culture: Culture is often thought to be associated with one’s national origin or racial background, and it is much more about the combination of the various groups to which we belong.

Influencing identity beyond memberships:

Often, cultural groups are located within a particular geographic region.

Individual identity is influenced by the local ways of doing things.

Creating wrong perception of identity:

By trying to be humorous or by using a stereotype as a self-descriptor, one might accidentally create a wrong perception of one’s own identity.

For example, in the rural area where Margie grew up, the terminology “daddy’s little princess” to describe oneself had a totally different meaning than in her college, leading to misconceptions.

Managing Identities (8 of 9)

Personality

Extrovert.

Introvert.

Differences between personalities.

Impact on experiences.

3.1. Describe how identity relates to one’s messaging.

Personality

Extrovert: An individual who gets their energy from social interaction with a variety of others.

Introvert: An individual who gets their energy from time spent alone or with a small number of others.

Differences between personalities:

Extrovert: direct contact, an open body orientation, and engagingly forward smile.

Introvert: seem unapproachable, would desperately want to leave because they have had their fill of interactions.

A Type A personality: Most likely to have researched and completed a class project and submitted it early.

A serial procrastinator: Mostly busy figuring out when they need to get home for the midnight deadline.

Impact on experiences:

Personality traits are not just general tendencies of an individual; they can significantly impact our experiences, both positively and negatively.

These traits can influence our verbal and nonverbal communication, impacting our actions and interactions across various contexts.

Managing Identities (9 of 9)

Other Identities

Influence of interests and activities.

Varying degrees of identities.

3.1. Describe how identity relates to one’s messaging.

Other Identities

Influence of interests and activities:

Individual experience has many aspects to which people may identify with strongly, weakly, or even not at all.

A variety of interests and activities may influence our sense of self to varying degrees, impacting the ways we display those interests and also enact our own participation in those activities.

Varying degrees of identities:

Some people may strongly identify with something that their world almost seems to revolve around it.

Others may fail to give that topic a second thought.

Identity, Relationships, and Nonverbal Codes

Sending nonverbal messages.

Nonverbal code.

Combining nonverbal codes into groups.

3.2. Define the concept of nonverbal codes.

Identity, Relationships, and Nonverbal Codes

Sending nonverbal messages:

There are a variety of ways by which people send nonverbal messages about their own personal identities.

One can form an overall opinion based upon such behaviors.

Nonverbal code: A category of communicative behaviors that have been grouped by nonverbal characteristics that they share.

Combining nonverbal codes into groups:

Contact cues involve haptic and proxemic codes.

Time and place cues involve chronemic and environment codes.

In any interaction, codes often occur alongside each other at the same time.

Prominent Nonverbal Codes (1 of 9)

Kinesics

Dealing with communication via movement.

The wide variety of behaviors.

Other forms of movements.

Unintentional conveying of messages.

3.3. Explain and give examples of each code.

Kinesics

Kinesics: The nonverbal code dealing with communication through movements and motion-based behaviors.

The wide variety of behaviors: Kinesics includes the following behaviors:

Facial expressions,

A wide variety of illustrative gestures,

Motion-based ways of regulating conversational flow.

Other forms of communicating that use movement to send a message.

Other forms of movements: Kinesics also include other forms of movements such as:

Motion-based ways to regulate conversational flow;

The weird leg-jiggling one does when one is excited.

Unintentional conveying of messages:

Tapping one’s leg in class,

Clicking the end of a ballpoint pen, or

Braiding a friend’s hair on a long bus ride.

Prominent Nonverbal Codes (2 of 9)

Proxemics

Communicating through personal space.

Different understanding based on culture.

3.3. Explain and give examples of each code.

Proxemics

Proxemics: The nonverbal code dealing with communication through personal space and interpersonal distance.

Different understanding based on culture:

Based upon their own cultural background and experiences, each person has their own understanding of personal space.

Edward T. Hall conceptualizes interpersonal distance by classifying the allowed approximate distances and the types of relationships.

Prominent Nonverbal Codes (3 of 9)

Haptics

Dealing exclusively with touch.

Communicating affection and aggression.

Received early as an infant.

Developing an understanding of touch.

3.3. Explain and give examples of each code.

Haptics

Haptics: The nonverbal code dealing with communication through touch and physical contact.

Communicating affection and aggression: Touch is one of the best ways to communicate both affection and aggression.

Received early as an infant: As an infant, haptics are the earliest messages we receive, spanning a variety of caretaking behaviors such as being burped or hugged or bathed as an infant.

Developing an understanding of touch:

Our complex understanding of touch emerges over the course of the life span, including an understanding of appropriate or inappropriate touch.

In both personal and professional contexts, we develop ways to evaluate how we use touch to send messages and to communicate a variety of messages.

Prominent Nonverbal Codes (4 of 9)

Oculesics

Communication via eye behaviors.

Way of perceiving the world.

3.3. Explain and give examples of each code.

Oculesics

Oculesics:

The nonverbal code dealing with communication through a variety of eye behaviors.

One of the most important ways to indicate attention, affection, or a threat.

Way of perceiving the world: We perceive the world around us significantly by oculesic behaviors, and around 80% of our social information is received through sight.

Prominent Nonverbal Codes (5 of 9)

Vocalics

Using words and voice qualities.

Understanding intent and emotional state.

Navigating feelings and emotions.

3.3. Explain and give examples of each code.

Vocalics

Vocalics: The nonverbal code dealing with communication through both words and voice qualities.

Understanding intent and emotional state: The rate, pitch, vocal tone, vocal variety, and accent help in understanding the intent and emotional state of the conversation partner.

Navigating feelings and emotions: Understanding the nonverbal components that accompany a verbal message can help navigate the complicated and unique feelings and emotions and intentionality.

Prominent Nonverbal Codes (6 of 9)

Physical Appearance

Perception based upon one’s looks.

Communicating about ourselves.

3.3. Explain and give examples of each code.

Physical Appearance

Perception based upon one’s looks: We perceive both ourselves and others and constantly make judgments and assessments based upon physical appearance.

Physical appearance: This nonverbal code deals with our faces and bodies, our clothing, and the artifacts that we carry with ourselves that form an important part of communication.

Prominent Nonverbal Codes (7 of 9)

Environment

Features of the communication context.

Reacting to environmental features.

Cultural impact of the messaging.

Elements that impact communication.

3.3. Explain and give examples of each code.

Environment

Environment: The nonverbal code dealing with communication through features of the context.

Reacting to environmental features:

We don’t acquire the environment as a nonverbal code; we learn reactions to environmental features, discovering how best to communicate across contexts.

Example:

Even a normally loud and outgoing person would fall silent upon walking into a large Catholic cathedral.

The soaring ceilings and the dim lighting would immediately signal a sense of quiet reflection that is unusual.

The environmental features would signal that it is a place for calm reflection and the person would respond accordingly.

Cultural impact of the messaging: Environmental features may impact the messaging that occurs in a variety of contexts, signaling cultural norms about behavior or impacting the comfort or perceived intimacy of the physical space.

Elements that impact communication: Some elements are relatively difficult to change, while others are relatively easier to change, things which may not seem like much but significantly impact the communication environment.

Prominent Nonverbal Codes (8 of 9)

Olfactics

Focusing on sense of smell.

Sending messages using scent.

3.3. Explain and give examples of each code.

Olfactics

Olfactics: The nonverbal code dealing with communication through scent.

Sending messages using scent:

On our bodies and in our environment, there are many ways that we send messages using scent.

Example:

One might ensure that they smell fresh and clean throughout the day, by using either body spray or expensive body washes and colognes.

One might want to make sure that their home smells clean and welcoming, by using either vanilla extract or a variety of air fresheners and diffusers.

Prominent Nonverbal Codes (9 of 9)

Chronemics

Dealing with issues of time.

Sending time-related messages.

Response latency.

3.3. Explain and give examples of each code.

Chronemics

Chronemics: The nonverbal code dealing with communication through the ways that we use time.

Sending time-related messages: Even if we unintentionally deal with time, our use of time sends a definite message.

Response latency: The amount of time it takes to respond to an interaction partner.