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Bowman, Nonverbal Communication, Second Edition Chapter 1: Nonverbal Communication Origins

Introduction

Communication as primary social process.

Human communication.

Introduction

Communication as primary social process:

Without communication, it would be almost impossible to navigate our daily lives.

Communication allows living creatures to signal various things to each other and to navigate a complex environment that otherwise may be difficult to survive on one’s own.

Human communication:

It involves using systems of established rule-driven strategies to send messages among us.

We move throughout our social world through a variety of verbal and nonverbal messages.

Models of Communication (1 of 5)

Linear Model of Communication

Focus on message transmission.

Nonverbal message.

Sender.

Encoding.

1.1. Compare models of communication.

Linear Model of Communication

Linear model of communication: An early model of communication that focuses on the transmission of a verbal or nonverbal message to another person or persons, focusing specifically on the sender, message, channel, and receiver.

Nonverbal message: a unit of communication that has meaning.

Sender: The originator of a message.

Encoding: The process of converting thoughts or ideas into a message.

Models of Communication (2 of 5)

Linear Model of Communication

Channels.

Receiver.

Decoding.

1.1. Compare models of communication.

Linear Model of Communication

Channels: The means of transmitting a message (e.g., auditory, visual).

Receiver:

Any person perceiving a message.

The sender can convey a message directly to the receiver by sending that message through one or more channels.

Decoding:

The process of converting a message into thoughts or ideas.

The receiver begins decoding the message once they have received it.

Models of Communication (3 of 5)

Linear Model of Communication

Context.

Noise.

Physical noise.

Psychological noise.

1.1. Compare models of communication.

Linear Model of Communication

Context:

The setting in which communication occurs; the time and social situation wherein messaging happens.

Both the creation and the transmission of a message are influenced by the setting.

Example:

Evan may be interested in sending a funny meme to his best friend when he’s in church on Sunday morning.

However, because of the emotional experience that he’s having or because of his inability to get to his cell phone without offending the other congregants around him, he might not send it.

Noise:

Any barrier to successfully perceiving a message.

It will be difficult for a receiver to successfully decode a message, if there is more noise present in a communication context.

Physical noise: Contextual features like noise or poor lighting that stop a receiver from perceiving a message.

Psychological noise: A mental state that distracts a receiver from correctly perceiving a message.

Models of Communication (4 of 5)

Linear Model of Communication

Physiological noise.

Semantic noise.

1.1. Compare models of communication.

Linear Model of Communication

Physiological noise: A receiver’s physical state like hunger or sleepiness that distracts them from correctly perceiving a message.

Semantic noise: Specific unknown words or difficult accents that cause a receiver to incorrectly perceive a message.

Models of Communication (5 of 5)

Transactional Model of Communication

Back-and-forth between people.

Feedback.

Unidirectional messaging.

Transactional messaging.

1.1. Compare models of communication.

Transactional Model of Communication

Transactional model of communication: A relatively recent model of communication that focuses on the simultaneous transmission of verbal or nonverbal messages from one person to another, highlighting the real-time impact of feedback in message encoding.

Feedback: The verbal and nonverbal responses that someone gives in reaction to a message that they are receiving.

Unidirectional messaging: One-way messaging in which people take turns alternating between sender or receiver.

Transactional messaging: Simultaneous messaging in which people serve as both sender and receiver at the same time.

Defining Nonverbal Communication (1 of 2)

Verbal communication.

Critical impact of verbal communication.

Messaging without using verbal language.

The intent of nonverbal communication.

1.2. Define nonverbal communication.

Defining Nonverbal Communication

Verbal communication: Language-based messaging.

Critical impact of verbal communication:

The verbal content of the message can influence the people, places, and things with which we interact or engage.

We must ensure that the words we use convey the messages that we hope they convey.

However, what we don’t say is also equally important; nonverbal messages can have a strong impact within an environment.

Nonverbal communication:

Any communicative characteristic or behavior that intentionally or unintentionally conveys a message without the use of verbal language.

Words or behaviors that directly stand for a specific word or words would be included in verbal language.

Example:

Extending one’s middle finger in the direction of another person is an offensive gesture.

People of the larger North American culture clearly understand what words go alongside such a gesture.

Giving someone a wink while performing the gesture may imply humor and friendship rather than animosity.

The gesture itself is verbal communication, as it is considered formal language.

The intent of nonverbal communication:

Nonverbal communication can be either intentional or unintentional.

We tend to message others even when we don’t intend to be doing so, and thus are not always aware of our communicative behaviors.

Defining Nonverbal Communication (2 of 2)

Why isn’t ASL Considered Nonverbal?

Sign language as verbal communication.

Communicating language through gestures.

Not necessarily vocal/auditory messages.

Verbal meaning attached to sign.

1.2. Define nonverbal communication.

Why isn’t ASL Considered Nonverbal?

Sign language as a verbal communication:

Not all nonverbal communication classes are sign language classes.

Sign languages, especially American Sign Language (ASL), are considered verbal forms of communication.

Communicating language through gestures:

ASL is a system of language that is communicated through gestures.

Hand gestures and facial expressions are combined to send specific and discrete language-based messages, even though no words are audibly spoken.

Not necessarily vocal/auditory messages:

Vocal/auditory messages: messaging conveyed through the use of sound.

All verbal messages are not necessarily vocal/auditory messages.

We can use verbal communication to visually send messages through the written word or through the interpretation of specific gestures used in sign language.

Verbal meaning attached to sign:

The signs are considered verbal communication because each sign has a direct verbal meaning attached to the sign.

Example:

Sarah, who is hearing-impaired, may try to point to items on the menu or mime certain types of food when she orders food at a restaurant.

If she finds a restaurant that uses ASL, she can simply sign the items that she wants.

Nonverbal Communication Primacy (1 of 4)

Importance of nonverbal communication.

Primacy.

1.3. Explain the types of nonverbal primacy.

Nonverbal Communication Primacy

Importance of nonverbal communication: Nonverbal communication is the first for individuals; interpersonal interactions; and for the species as a whole.

Primacy:

It refers to the characteristic of having come first or before some other referent.

In an interaction, we tend to pay first attention to nonverbal messages.

Nonverbal communication is often described as having primacy.

Nonverbal Communication Primacy (2 of 4)

Primacy of Species

Neanderthals and vocalization.

Interactions of primates.

Early forms of communication.

Phylogenetic primacy.

1.3. Explain the types of nonverbal primacy.

Primacy of Species

Neanderthals and vocalization:

According to research, human’s early ancestors were not able to use verbal language.

Vocalization of complex sounds might have been produced by the bone structures in Neanderthal.

Homo sapiens likely began the verbal language.

Interactions of primates: Living in community and sharing the division of labor are possible for all sorts of primates.

Early forms of communication:

The early auditory forms of communication included nonverbal communication like grunts or slight vocalizations.

Important things like danger or submission were indicated by facial expressions or gestures.

Phylogenetic primacy:

The characteristic of having come first across any member of a species’ evolutionary history.

Before humans existed in our current form, our nonhuman ancestors had likely figured out social signaling.

Nonverbal Communication Primacy (3 of 4)

Primacy of Individual

Ontogenetic primacy.

Communication from birth.

Nonverbal communication and interaction.

The earliest form of communication.

1.3. Explain the types of nonverbal primacy.

Primacy of Individual

Ontogenetic primacy: The characteristic of having come first across the course of the life span.

Communication from birth:

Because they haven’t yet acquired a verbal language system, infants have to communicate with other humans nonverbally from the moment of birth.

Most infants communicate their needs through crying and receive help from a caretaker.

Love and affection are received without the infants understanding formal language.

During those early interactions, basic emotions like contentedness are still communicated.

Nonverbal communication and interaction:

An interaction can entail sound, touching, being touched, eye contact, and other forms of auditory communication and affection.

Positive affirmations are given to small children for those early attempts at communicating.

Example:

A child cries to indicate hunger to his mother.

The mother and child will make eye contact, assuming that the mother breast-feeds her child.

The child’s grasping and kneading behaviors become an early form of touch expression.

The earliest form of communication:

Children quickly learn that verbal language allows for greater specificity in achieving their goals.

Greater urgency is conveyed by nonverbal forms of expression like crying or a tantrum.

In their own lifespan, ontogenetic primacy is each person’s earliest form of communication.

Nonverbal communication is the way that one communicated throughout the earliest interactions, whether happy or not.

Nonverbal Communication Primacy (4 of 4)

Primacy of Interaction

Social world and nonverbal messaging.

Interactional primacy.

First impressions.

1.3. Explain the types of nonverbal primacy.

Primacy of Interaction

Social world and nonverbal messaging:

Long before modern humans were around, nonverbal messaging was used by our ancestors to communicate.

Each person has explored their social world through nonverbal messaging.

Interactional primacy: The characteristic of having come first over the course of an interaction with a specific person or persons.

First impressions: Often based on nonverbal characteristics and behaviors of another person.

Nonverbal Communication Channels (1 of 2)

First impressions and observation.

Nonverbal messages and senses.

Mediated channels and communication.

Emoticons and emojis.

1.4. Understand the impact of channel on messaging.

Nonverbal Communication Channels

First impressions and observation: These are made based upon various things observed and evaluated by each person in their interactions.

Nonverbal messages and senses:

Nonverbal messages can come through our senses, such as from:

Seeing the facial expressions of a co-worker;

Feeling a best friend’s affectionate touch;

Smelling a romantic partner’s cologne;

Hearing a child’s heartbeat during a long embrace;

Through taste, we don’t directly have a nonverbal code.

Mediated channels and communication:

Nonverbal communication also occurs via phone conversations, text messages, e-mails, television and film, radio, Skype or FaceTime.

On phone conversations or on the radio, the vocal characteristics of the speaker serve as nonverbal indicators for speaker’s emotional state.

In text messages and e-mails, emoticons and emojis serve as proxies for nonverbal communication.

Television and film contexts allow for a rich expression of nonverbal messages, but lose some of the interactivity of actual interaction.

Skype, FaceTime, or other real-time video messaging services allow for sharing real-time interactive nonverbal messages, but lack some important features of messages allowed through face-to-face interactions.

Emoticons and emojis: Text-based images or graphics that replicate facial expressions or other visual cues.

Nonverbal Communication Channels (2 of 2)

Channel Reliance

Determining the important channels.

Channel reliance.

Impact on the intended message.

1.4. Understand the impact of channel on messaging.

Channel Reliance

Determining the important channels:

The characteristics of the communication channels have been looked at more intentionally.

Scholars have tried to determine which channels are most important for communicating a full range of messages.

Channel reliance: The tendency of humans to rely on specific channels for specific types of messages.

Impact on the intended message: The interactivity of a variety of channel types may impact our ability to receive an intended message, because the nonverbal characteristics we pay attention to is influenced by the degree to which we can engage the sender.