about history of Migration

Chp. 1

Inequality

Cheap labor. Extremely cheap labor in the United States, They keep pushing the Mexico immigrants to be cheap employee, cheap salary, lots of works, no choice.

Massive land displacements and high unemployment before the lower class

Wage Gap between the Mexico and the U.S (1880-1900)

Ex: Mexican Railroad workers in Arizona and Sonora ($1 a day in Arizona and $0.53 in Sonora pg. 25)

Chp.1

Power

Capitalism and the Transformation of Mexico’s Labor Markets

Mexico was an excellent destination given that it lacked the capital to take advantage of its "wonderful and scarcely developed resources", so many policies allowed people to take the Mexico’s resources.

The segregation of States ultimately led to the Civil War which led to many people approaching the Mexican frequently fronted until a large group from California moved into Mexico during the Gold Rush.

In 1848, the United States need more territories from the immediate neighbors, making some free states and the rest slave states.

Chp. 3 Summary

The Great Depression contributed to migration of Mexicans from the North to the South. In the 1930s there was a change in the lives of Mexican immigrants. Americans felt that the Mexican laborers had led to the provision of extremely cheap labor in the U.S and that was leading high unemployment rates in the U.S. As a result of the hostility that Mexican laborers faced in the U.S, some opted to go back to Mexico but many were forced to go back through deportation policies. Many Mexicans were detained in their houses, work fields, and streets while others were deported back with their unborn descendants. In turn, many Mexicans in the U.S moved back to Mexico through the repatriation process. The Mexican government utilized this process seen as assisting their fellow brothers and sisters to construct a Mexican Nationalism.

Chp. 3

Power

Socio legal: The deportation policies of The United States wanted to reduce the unemployment and reduce the cheap labor, so deport all the mexican who are without a job or ability.

The Mexican Governments: supported the return to Mexico of citizens and their descendents in the U.S as a way to construct Mexican Nationalism

Cardenas Government : did not support all the repatriates

National Irrigation Commission (CNI): promoted the settlement of Mexican agriculturists coming from the U.S in fully developed irrigation systems (Enciso pg. 67)

Chp. 3

Inequality

Deportations/ Violent Removal : Many Mexicans were detained in their houses, work fields and streets while others were deported back with their unborn descendants and their transportation was catered for. Such happenings led to so many Mexicans going back to their country hence reduction of the Mexican population in the US.

Many U.S. citizens, boys and girls who were of Mexican origin were sent back to Mexico. (1930 -1934) over 350000 people had gone from America into Mexico for various reasons.

Selective Repatriate Resettlement Projects: were based on eugenic racist ideology in terms of “skilled workers”

(Mexican elites desired Mexican migrants from the U.S who were more “advanced” and were seen as “desirable source of colonization”)

Ex: Half a Million Campaign: raised funds for these resettlement projects but turned out to be corrupt and the CNI proposing a resettlement area for “skilled workers”

Chp. 7 Indigenous Mexican Migrant Summary

Jonathan Fox emphasizes the reframing of Mexican migrants as a multiethnic process because the Mexican nation includes many distinct peoples. In the U.S Mexicans are treated as ethnically homogenous so Fox explores how both Mexican indigenous migrants and Mexican collective identities complicate widely held ideas about race/ethnicity and national identities. Fox does this by analyzing the experiences and identities of Indigenous Mexican migrants in the U.S. through frameworks that focus on racialization and that emphasize the social construction of collective identity formation.

Chp. 7 Indigenous Mexican Migrants

Power

Racial Hierarchy: Indigenous migrants are racialized as migrants and indigenous people in Mexico and the U.S while maintaining and inferior status to the dominant racial group in each respective country

Global Capitalism and the Location in Economic Market: being inserted into a globalized capitalism through migration in search for labor

-Mexican immigrants find themselves placed into a social hierarchy that assigns them to a racial category

- author uses a cross border perspective to provide a deeper understanding of the racialization of indegenous mexican migrants

Leading to a further ethnoracial categorization in the labor market along with discrimination and exploitation

Leading to further ethnoracial categorization in the labor market along with discrimination and exploitation

Inequality

“Mexican Work” : widely understood in U.S popular discourse as the kind that even low-income Americans won't do, at least for the wages offered (pg. 167)

Ex: ethnographic study of Triqui strawberry pickers in Washington

found a close correlation among the division of labor , ethnicity and the level of danger, stress, humiliation involved in their jobs

Subjected to racial slurs "perros", “burros”, “Oaxacos”, “indios estupidos”

Being placed to pick berries because they are closer to the ground

1986 Amnesty

-Racial and ethnic difference among Mexcian migrant workers also interacts with the changing division of labor - - -Recruitment strategies that encouraged ethnic difference in the labor force

Creating an understanding that indigenous migrant workers should be naturally limited to the most arduous jobs

Inequality

Exclusion of Political Rights: full democratic political rights are still widely denied both to migrants and to indigenous peoples

Although indigenous Mexicans can access "full mexicanness" by assimilating to the dominant Spanish lang., migrants are still seen as being whitewashed or watering down their “mexicanidad “through exposure to the U.S and mexican american culture

“those mexicans who don’t even speak english” and those indians who "ni si quiera hablan espanol"

in Mexico's dominant national political culture, both indigenous Ppl and cross-border migrants are seen as less than full citizens

Ethnic differnce and cross-border mobility remain in tension

Collective Identity Formation Among Indigenous Mexican Migrants

Trans Nationalized sphere: “Oaxacacalifornia”

Cultural citizenship : a range of social practices which, claim and establish a distinct social space for Latinos in this country

Translocal community citizenship : the process through which indigenous migrants are becoming active members of both of their communities of settlement and of their communities of origin

Historical photos of mexican immigrants

mexican immigrants workers sweatshop workers