Discussion Thread: Investing, Budgeting, Wealth Management
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BondPricesandYield.pptxBond Prices and Yield
Bodie, Kane, and Marcus
Essentials of Investments Eleventh Edition
10
Chapter
10.1 Bond Characteristics
Bond
Security that obligates issuer to make payments to holder over time
Face Value, Par Value
Payment to bondholder at maturity of bond
Coupon Rate
Bond’s annual interest payment per dollar of par value
Zero-Coupon Bond
Pays no coupons, sells at discount, provides only payment of par value at maturity
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Figure 10.1 Prices/Yields of U.S. Treasury Bonds
| Source: Wall Street Journal Online, August 15, 2014. |
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10.1 Bond Characteristics
Treasury Bonds and Notes
Accrued interest and quoted bond prices
Quoted prices do not include interest accruing between payment dates
Accrued interest
Example: Consider a bond with the following characteristics: Semi-annual payments, coupon rate of 6%, $1,000 par value. If 45 days have passed since the last coupon payment, what is the accrued interest?
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Figure 10.2 Listing of Corporate Bonds
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10.1 Bond Characteristics
Corporate Bonds
Call provisions on corporate bonds
Callable bonds: May be repurchased by issuer at specified call price during call period
Convertible bonds
Allow bondholder to exchange bond for specified number of common stock shares
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10.1 Bond Characteristics
Corporate Bonds
Puttable bonds
Holder may choose to exchange for par value or to extend for given number of years
Floating-rate bonds
Coupon rates periodically reset according to specified market date
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10.1 Bond Characteristics
Preferred Stock
Commonly pays fixed dividend
Floating-rate preferred stock becoming more popular
Dividends not normally tax-deductible
Corporations that purchase other corporations’ preferred stock are taxed on only 30% of dividends received
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10.1 Bond Characteristics
Other Domestic Issuers
State, local governments (municipal bonds)
Federal Home Loan Bank Board
Farm Credit agencies
Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac
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10.1 Bond Characteristics
International Bonds
Foreign bonds
Issued by borrower in different country than where bond sold
Denominated in currency of market country
Eurobonds
Denominated in currency (usually that of issuing country) different than that of market
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10.1 Bond Characteristics
Innovation in the Bond Market
Inverse floaters
Coupon rate falls when interest rates rise
Asset-backed bonds
Income from specified assets used to service debt
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10.1 Bond Characteristics
Innovation in the Bond Market
Pay-in-kind bonds
Issuers can pay interest in cash or additional bonds
Catastrophe bonds
Higher coupon rates to investors for taking on risk
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10.1 Bond Characteristics
Innovation in the Bond Market
Indexed bonds
Payments tied to general price index/price of particular commodity
Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS): Par value of bond increases with consumer price index
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Table 10.1 TIPS, Principal and Interest Payments
Principal and interest payments for a Treasury Inflation Protected Security
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10.2 Bond Pricing
Bond value = Present value of coupons + Present par value
Bond value =
T = Maturity date
r = discount rate
Bond price =
=
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10.2 Bond Pricing: Example
What is the price of the following two bonds:
| Bond A | Bond B | |
| Maturity (T) | 4 Years | 30 Years |
| Coupon Rate (C) | 5% | 5% |
| Discount Rate (r) | 8% | 8% |
| Par Value (FV) | $1,000 | $1,000 |
Present Value of Coupons
Present Par Value
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10.2 Bond Pricing
Prices fall as market interest rate rises
Interest rate fluctuations are primary source of bond market risk
Bonds with longer maturities more sensitive to fluctuations in interest rate
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Figure 10.3 Inverse Relationship between Bond Prices and Yields
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Table 10.2 Bond Prices at Different Interest Rates
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10.2 Bond Pricing
Bond Pricing between Coupon Dates
Invoice price = Flat price + Accrued interest
Bond Pricing in Excel
=PRICE (settlement date, maturity date, annual coupon rate, yield to maturity, redemption value as percent of par value, number of coupon payments per year)
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Spreadsheet 10.1 Valuing Bonds
Note: Spreadsheets available in Connect
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10.3 Bond Yields
Yield to Maturity
Discount rate that makes present value of bond’s payments equal to price.
Current Yield
Annual coupon divided by bond price
Premium Bonds
Bonds selling above par value
Discount Bonds
Bonds selling below par value
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Spreadsheet 10.2 Finding Yield to Maturity
| Semiannual coupons | Annual coupons | ||
| Settlement date | 1/1/2000 | 1/2/2000 | |
| Maturity date | 1/1/2030 | 1/2/2030 | |
| Annual coupon rate | 0.08 | 0.08 | |
| Bond price (flat) | 127.676 | 127.676 | |
| Redemption value (% of face value) | 100 | 100 | |
| Coupon payments per year | 2 | 1 | |
| Yield to maturity (decimal) | 0.0600 | 0.0599 | |
| The formula entered here is =YIELD(B3,B4,B5,B6,B7,B8) |
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10.3 Bond Yields
Yield to Call
Calculated like yield to maturity
Time until call replaces time until maturity; call price replaces par value
Premium bonds more likely to be called than discount bonds
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Figure 10.4 Bond Prices: Callable and Straight Debt
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10.3 Bond Yields
Realized Compound Returns versus Yield to Maturity
Realized compound return
Compound rate of return on bond with all coupons reinvested until maturity
Horizon analysis
Analysis of bond returns over multiyear horizon
Based on forecasts of bond’s YTM and investment options
Reinvestment rate risk
Uncertainty surrounding cumulative future value of reinvested coupon payments
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Figure 10.5 Growth of Invested Funds
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10.4 Bond Prices Over Time
Yield to Maturity versus Holding Period Return (HPR)
Yield to maturity measures average RoR if investment held until bond matures
HPR is RoR over particular investment period; depends on market price at end of period
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Figure 10.6 Price Paths of Coupon Bonds in Case of Constant Market Interest Rates
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10.4 Bond Prices Over Time
Zero-Coupon Bonds and Treasury STRIPS
Zero-coupon bond: Carries no coupons, provides all return in form of price appreciation
Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities (STRIPS): Oversees creation of zero-coupon bonds from coupon-bearing notes and bonds
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Figure 10.7 Price of 30-Year Zero-Coupon Bond over Time at Yield to Maturity of 10%
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10.4 Bond Prices Over Time
After-Tax Returns
Built-in price appreciation on original-issue discount bonds constitutes implicit interest payment to holder
IRS calculates price appreciation schedule to determine taxable interest income for built-in appreciation
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10.5 Default Risk and Bond Pricing
Investment grade bond
Rated BBB and above by S&P or Baa and above by Moody’s
Speculative grade or junk bond
Rated BB or lower by S&P, Ba or lower by Moody’s, or unrated
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Figure 10.8 Bond Rating Classes
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10.5 Default Risk and Bond Pricing
Determinants of Bond Safety
Coverage ratios: Company earnings to fixed costs
Leverage ratio: Debt to equity
Liquidity ratios
Current: Current assets to current liabilities
Quick: Assets excluding inventories to liabilities
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10.5 Default Risk and Bond Pricing
Determinants of Bond Safety
Profitability ratios: Measures of RoR on assets or equity
Cash flow-to-debt ratio: Total cash flow to outstanding debt
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Table 10.3 Financial Ratios and Default Risk
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10.5 Default Risk and Bond Pricing
Bond Indentures
Indenture
Defines contract between issuer and holder
Sinking fund
Indenture calling for issuer to periodically repurchase some proportion of outstanding bonds before maturity
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10.5 Default Risk and Bond Pricing
Bond Indentures
Subordination clause
Restrictions on additional borrowing stipulating senior bondholders paid first in event of bankruptcy
Collateral
Specific asset pledged against possible default
Debenture
Bond not backed by specific collateral
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10.5 Default Risk and Bond Pricing
Yield to Maturity and Default Risk
Stated yield is maximum possible yield to maturity of bond
Default premium
Increment to promised yield that compensates investor for default risk
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Figure 10.9 Callable Bond: Apple
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Figure 10.10 Yield Spreads among Corporate Bonds
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10.5 Default Risk and Bond Pricing
Credit Default Swaps (CDS)
Insurance policy on default risk of corporate bond or loan
Designed to allow lenders to buy protection against losses on large loans
Later used to speculate on financial health of companies
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Figure 10.11 Prices of CDS, Greece
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10.6 The Yield Curve
Yield Curve
Graph of yield to maturity as function of term to maturity
Term Structure of Interest Rates
Relationship between yields to maturity and terms to maturity across bonds
Expectations Hypothesis
Yields to maturity determined solely by expectations of future short-term interest rates
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Figure 10.12 Treasury Yield Curve
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Figure 10.13 Returns to Two 2-Year Investment Strategies
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10.6 The Yield Curve
Forward Rate
Inferred short-term ROI for future period, makes expected total return of long-term bond equal to that of rolling over short-term bonds
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10.6 The Yield Curve
Liquidity Preference Theory
Investors demand risk premium on long-term bonds
Liquidity premium
Extra expected return demanded by investors as compensation for greater risk of long-term bonds
Spread between forward ROI and expected short sale
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Figure 10.14 Illustrative Yield Curves
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Figure 10.15 Term Spread: Yields on 10-Year v. 90-day Treasuries
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