Prepare tables, figures, or graphs to address specific queries concerning inmate population

U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics

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April 2018, NCJ 251148

Danielle Kaeble, BJS Statistician

Probation and Parole in the United States, 2016

An estimated 4,537,100 adults were under community supervision as of December 31, 2016 (year-end), a decline of 1.1% from 4,586,900 on January 1, 2016 (figure 1 and table 1).* An estimated one in 55 adults in the United States were under community supervision at year-end 2016. Persons on probation accounted for the majority (81%) of adults under community supervision.

The decline observed in the adult community corrections population in 2016 was the result of a decrease in the probation population. The probation population declined 1.4%, from an estimated 3,725,600 offenders on January 1, 2016, to 3,673,100 at year-end 2016 (figure 2). The parole population continued to grow, increasing by 0.5%, from 870,500 persons at year-end 2015 to 874,800 at year-end 2016 (figure 3).

*The community supervision population excludes parolees on probation to avoid double counting offenders. See table 7 and Methodology.

H I G H L I G H T S � At year-end 2016, an estimated 4,537,100 adults

were under community supervision (probation or parole), down 49,800 offenders (down 1.1%) from January 1, 2016.

� The total community supervision population in 2016 was at its lowest level since 1999.

� Approximately 1 in 55 adults in the United States were under community supervision at year-end 2016.

� The adult probation population declined by 1.4% from January 1, 2016, to December 1, 2016, falling by 52,500 (to 3,673,100).

� Probation exits increased from 2,043,200 in 2015 to 2,071,400 in 2016.

� The adult parole population increased by 0.5% (up 4,300) from year-end 2015 to an estimated 874,800 at year-end 2016.

� Exits from parole decreased from an estimated 463,700 in 2015 to 456,000 in 2016.

Figure 1 Adults under community supervision, probation, and parole on December 31, 2000–2016

Note: Estimates are based on most recent data and may differ from previously published statistics. See Methodology. The total community supervision population excludes parolees on probation to avoid double counting and will not equal the sum of probation and parole populations. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, 2000−2016.

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Data in this report were collected through the Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Both surveys began in 1980. These surveys collect data from U.S. probation and parole agencies on the number of adults supervised in the community on January 1 and December 31 of each calendar year. Therefore, the January 1 population is collected a year later than the December 31 population from the prior year. For example, January 1, 2016, counts were collected in 2017, while December 31, 2015, counts were collected in 2016. The surveys also collected data on those placed on supervision (entries) and those removed from supervision (exits) during the reporting year, and characteristics of the population at year-end. These surveys are the only community corrections data collections that cover all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal system.

BJS depends on the voluntary participation of state central reporters and separate state, county, and court agencies to collect these data. For this report, an adult is any person subject to the jurisdiction of an adult court or correctional agency. Reporting methods for some probation and parole agencies have changed over time (see Methodology). Appendix tables 1 through 3 and 5 through 7 present additional 2016 data by jurisdiction.

Figure 2 Annual percent change of adults on probation on December 31, 2000–2016

Note: Estimates are based on most recent data and may differ from previously published statistics. See Methodology. *The number of adults on probation decreased by 1.7% from December 31, 2015, to January 1, 2016 (see Methodology), and by 1.4% from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2016, for a total decrease of 3.1%. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, 2000−2016.

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Figure 3 Annual percent change of adults on parole on December 31, 2000–2016

Note: Estimates are based on most recent data and may differ from previously published statistics. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Parole Survey, 2000−2016.

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BJS definition of probation and parole Probation is a court-ordered period of correctional supervision in the community, generally as an alternative to incarceration. In some cases, it may be a combined sentence involving incarceration followed by a period of community supervision.

Parole is a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a term in state or federal prison. Parolees include individuals released through discretionary or mandatory supervised release from prison, released through other types of post-custody conditional supervision, or sentenced to a term of supervised release from prison.

The definition of parole used in this report may differ from those in other BJS statistical series.

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Decrease in probation population drove decline in community supervision

In 2016, the total community supervision population was at its lowest level since 1999 (not shown). Since 2008 (the first year of decline), annual decreases have ranged from 0.5% to 2.6% (table 1). The population under community supervision decreased by 11% from 2008 to 2016. When the 2016 data were collected, the number of probationers on January 1, 2016, had sharply decreased from the December 31, 2015, count reported the previous year. Between January 1 and December 31, 2016, the community supervision population decreased by 1.1%.

The probation population increased from 2000 to 2007, followed by average annual decreases of 2% from 2008 to 2016. In comparison, the parole population has increased by more than 20% since 2000. With the exception of 2008, 2009, and 2013, there was an increase each year from 2000 to 2016 in the number of individuals supervised on parole. Total community supervision

TAble 1 Adults under community supervision on probation or parole, year-end, 2000−2016 Year Totala Probation Parole 2000 4,564,900 3,839,400 725,500 2001 4,665,700 3,934,500 731,100 2002 4,748,100 3,995,000 753,100 2003 4,847,300 4,073,800 773,500 2004 4,916,300 4,140,400 775,900 2005 4,946,600 4,162,300 784,400 2006 5,035,000 4,236,800 798,200 2007 5,119,000 4,293,000 826,100 2008 5,093,400 4,271,200 826,100 2009 5,019,900 4,199,800 824,600 2010 4,888,500 4,055,900 840,800 2011 4,818,300 3,973,800 855,500 2012 4,790,700 3,944,900 858,400 2013 4,749,800 3,912,900 849,500 2014 4,713,200 3,868,400 857,700 2015 4,650,900 3,789,800 870,500 2016

January 1 4,586,900 3,725,600 870,700 December 31 4,537,100 3,673,100 874,800

Percent change, 2000–2016 -0.6% -4.3% 20.6%

Percent change, January 1, 2016– December 31, 2016 -1.1% -1.4% 0.5%

Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 100. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. Estimates are based on most recent data and may differ from previously published statistics. Reporting methods for some probation agencies changed over time. See Methodology. aFrom 2008 to 2016, detail may not sum to total because total was adjusted to exclude parolees who were also on probation. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, 2000–2016.

TAble 2 rates of u.S. adult residents on community supervision, probation, and parole, 2000, 2005, and 2010−2016

Number per 100,000 U.S. adult residents U.S. adult residents on—

Year Community supervisiona,b Probation Parole

Community supervisiona Probation Parole

2000 2,162 1,818 344 1 in 46 1 in 53 1 in 285 2005 2,215 1,864 351 1 in 45 1 in 54 1 in 285 2010 2,067 1,715 356 1 in 48 1 in 58 1 in 281 2011 2,017 1,663 358 1 in 50 1 in 60 1 in 279 2012 1,984 1,634 356 1 in 50 1 in 61 1 in 281 2013 1,946 1,603 348 1 in 51 1 in 62 1 in 287 2014 1,911 1,568 348 1 in 52 1 in 64 1 in 288 2015 1,872 1,526 350 1 in 53 1 in 66 1 in 285 2016 1,811 1,467 349 1 in 55 1 in 68 1 in 287 Note: Rates are based on most recent data available and may differ from previously published statistics. Rates are based on the total community supervision, probation, and parole population counts as of December 31 of the reporting year and were computed using the estimates of the U.S. resident population of persons age 18 or older from the U.S. Census Bureau for January 1 of the following year. aIncludes adults on probation and parole. bFor 2008 to 2016, detail may not sum to total because the community supervision rate was adjusted to exclude parolees who were also on probation. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, 2000, 2005, 2010–2016; and U.S. Census Bureau, National Intercensal Estimates, 2001, 2006, and 2011–2017.

continued to decline, despite increases to the parole population, due to a decline in the probation population. Parolees account for 19% of the total community supervision population.

The rate of adults under community supervision fell to 1,811 per 100,000 U.S. adult residents in 2016

The rate of adults under community supervision declined from 1,872 offenders per 100,000 U.S. adult residents at year-end 2015 to 1,811 per 100,000 at year-end 2016 (table 2). The rate of adults on probation declined from 1,526 offenders per 100,000 U.S. adult residents at year-end 2015 to 1,467 at year-end 2016. The parole rate slightly decreased, from 350 offenders per 100,000 in 2015 to 349 per 100,000 in 2016.

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Probation entries and exits increased 1.8% in 2016

Movements onto (entries) and off (exits) probation increased 1.8%, from 4,009,300 in 2015 to 4,083,600 in 2016. The combination of entries and exits can be used to measure administrative caseloads of probation agencies. An individual can enter or exit the system multiple times a year or be concurrently serving more than one sentence for separate crimes. Exits from probation include successful completions of supervision, to receive treatment, or to serve a period of incarceration (see appendix table 3 for detail). Since 2008, probation movements have decreased an average of 1.7% per year. Exits from probation continued to exceed entries to probation for the eighth consecutive year.

Probation entries increased about 2%, from an estimated 1,966,100 entries at year-end 2015 to 2,012,200 at year-end 2016 (figure 4). During the same period, exits increased by 1.4%, from an estimated 2,043,200 exits to 2,071,400. Exits continued to outpace entries for the eighth consecutive year. (See Methodology for a discussion of estimating change in population counts.)

Figure 4 estimated total probation movements, entries, and exits, 2000–2016

Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 100. Estimates are based on most recent data and may differ from previously published statistics. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, 2000−2016.

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Figure 5 estimated total parole movements, entries, and exits, 2000–2016

Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 100. Estimates are based on most recent data and may differ from previously published statistics. See Methodology. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Parole Survey, 2000−2016.

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U.S. parole population increased at the slowest rate since 2010

The parole population increased in 2016 for the third consecutive year and for the eighth time in a decade. In 2016, parole increased 0.5%, which was the smallest increase since 2010 (0.3%). States (up 4,300 parolees) accounted for all of the increase. The federal system decreased by fewer than 100 parolees in 2016.

From 2015 to 2016, the number of offenders who went on parole declined from an estimated 475,200 offenders to 457,100 (down 18,100), and exits from parole fell from 463,700 to 456,000 (down 7,700 or 1.7%) (figure 5). Parole entries decreased for the seventh time in 8 years. (Entries increased from 2014 to 2015.) Entries continued to exceed exits for the seventh consecutive year, increasing by 1,100 offenders in 2016. Overall movements onto and off parole fell to 913,100 offenders in 2016 from 938,900 in 2015.

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Methodology The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) began the Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey in 1980. The surveys collect data from U.S. probation and parole agencies that supervise adults. These data collections define adults as persons subject to the jurisdiction of an adult court or correctional agency. Juveniles sentenced as adults in a criminal court are considered adults. Juveniles under the jurisdiction of a juvenile court or correctional agency are excluded from these data.

Starting in January of each calendar year, the two surveys collect data on the number of adults supervised in the community on both January 1 and December 31 of the previous calendar year, the number of entries and exits to supervision during the reporting year, and characteristics of the population at year-end. See appendix tables for detailed state-level data. Both surveys cover all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal system. BJS depends on the voluntary participation of state central reporters and separate state, county, and court agencies for these data.

During 2016, RTI International served as BJS’s collection agent for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Data for the federal system were provided directly to BJS from the Office of Probation and Pretrial Services, Administrative Office of the United States Courts, through the Federal Justice Statistics Program.

Probation

The 2016 Annual Probation Survey was sent to 456 agencies, four fewer than on the 2015 population frame. Because two local Michigan probation agencies merged, their individual listings were removed from the 2016 population frame. Also, one local Michigan probation agency was added based on a review of the list of supervising agencies. In addition, three local Ohio probation agencies were removed due to consolidation of agency reporting. One local Florida probation agency changed from being privately run to county run.

The 456 respondents included 42 central state agencies and the District of Columbia; 414 separate state, county, or court agencies; and the federal system. States with multiple state agencies included Alabama (3), Colorado (8), Florida (42), Georgia (2), Idaho (2), Kentucky (3), Michigan (129), Missouri (2), Montana (4), New Mexico (2), Ohio (181), Oklahoma (3), Pennsylvania (2), Tennessee (3), and Washington (32). Pennsylvania and Georgia are both included as central state agencies, but each provides data from two departments within the state government. Of the 456 agencies in the

population frame, 1 locality in Colorado, 5 in Florida, 17 in Michigan, 1 in Missouri, 11 in Ohio, and 4 in Washington did not provide data for the 2016 collection. The final response rate was 91%.

The Michigan Department of Corrections was unable to provide data for 2016 because of staffing changes. At the state’s request, the December 31, 2015, population count for Michigan was used as an estimate for both January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016. Estimates for December 31, 2016, have been included in national and state totals. The Georgia Department of Community Supervision, Adult Felony Probation Supervision, requested that the December 31, 2015, population count be used as an estimate for the January 1, 2016 count. They provided the total population count for December 31, 2016, but did not provide any additional data for 2016. (See Probation: Explanatory Notes for more information.)

Parole

The 2016 Annual Parole Survey was sent to 53 agencies: 50 central state reporters, which included the state parole agency in Pennsylvania (which also provided data for its 65 counties), the District of Columbia, and the federal system. In this report, federal parole includes a term of supervised release from prison, mandatory release, parole, military parole, or special parole. A federal judge orders a term of supervised release at the time of sentencing, and it is served after release from a federal prison sentence.

The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation did not provide data on the parole population for 2016. To produce the national year-end population estimates, data for December 31, 2016, reported on the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation website were used to estimate the December 31, 2016, state parole population. (See Parole: Explanatory Notes for more information.) Additional information about the data collection instruments is available on the BJS website.

Adjustments to account for offenders with dual community correctional status

Some offenders on probation or parole may have had dual community correctional statuses because they were serving separate probation and parole sentences concurrently. With the 2007 data, BJS began collecting information on the number of parolees who were also on probation at year-end. To avoid double counting, the total community supervision populations from 2008 through 2016 reported in figure 1 (and the 2016 counts in appendix table 1) have been adjusted based

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on available information by excluding the total number of parolees who were also on probation. As a result, the probation and parole counts from 2008 through 2016 do not sum to the total community supervision population. All of the estimates for parolees with dual community correctional statuses were based on data reported by parole agencies that were able to provide the information for the reporting year (table 3). Some probation and parole agencies were not able to provide these data. Therefore, the total number of parolees also on probation from 2008 to 2016 may be underestimated.

Reporting changes in the number of adults on probation and parole, 2000-16

In each collection year, respondents are asked to provide both the January 1 and December 31 population counts for the previous year. Therefore, while the December 31, 2015, count was collected in 2016, the January 1, 2016, count was not collected until 2017. At times, the January 1 count from a given year may differ from the December 31 count of the prior year given the normal

daily flow of offenders. Additionally, the difference reported may have resulted from administrative changes, such as—

� implementing new information systems, leading to data review and cleanup

� reconciling probationer records

� reclassifying offenders, including those on probation to parole and offenders on dual community supervision statuses

� including certain probation populations not previously reported (e.g., offenders supervised for DUI/DWI, some probationers who had absconded, and some on an inactive status).

The difference between the probation counts for December 31, 2015, and January 1, 2016, resulted in a decrease of 64,150 probationers (table 4). The difference between the parole population counts for December 31, 2015, and January 1, 2016, resulted in an increase of 130 parolees.

TAble 3 Parolees on probation excluded from the January 1 and December 31 community supervision populations, 2008−2016 Year January 1* December 31 2008 3,562 3,905 2009 3,905 4,959 2010 8,259 8,259 2011 8,259 10,958 2012 10,958 12,672 2013 12,672 12,511 2014 12,511 12,919 2015 12,919 9,375 2016 9,375 10,822 Note: Counts are based on most recent data and may differ from previously published statistics. Individuals being supervised on both probation and parole are excluded from community supervision population to avoid double counting. *For 2011 through 2016, data are based on the December 31 count of the prior reporting year. For 2010, the December 31, 2010, count was used as a proxy because additional states reported these data in 2010. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, 2008–2016.

TAble 4 One-day difference based on reporting changes for probation and parole, 2000–2016

Year

Probation population difference from December 31 to January 1 of the following year

Parole population difference from December 31 to January 1 of the following year

2000 -13,320 -1,630 2001 -2,980 1,190 2002 28,900 -2,210 2003 18,860 23,610 2004 3,150 -4,020 2005 4,260 -3,740 2006 -21,660 1,670 2007 -59,280 -4,920 2008 -33,670 1,390 2009 -73,120 13,700 2010 -2,400 -80 2011 9,770 -2,830 2012 2,960 -23,640 2013 20,980 540 2014 9,750 170 2015 -64,150 130 Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 10. Calculated as the difference between December 31 of the year displayed and January 1 of the following year. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, 2000–2016.

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Estimating change in population counts

In theory, the change in probation and parole populations from the beginning to end of the year should equal the difference between entries and exits during the year. In practice, those numbers may not be equal. Some probation and parole information systems track the number of cases that enter and exit community supervision, not the number of offenders, while the beginning and year-end populations represent individuals. Some individuals are being supervised for more than one charge or case simultaneously. Additionally, all data on entries and exits may not have been logged into the information systems, or the information systems may not have fully processed all data before submission to BJS.

As a result, the January 1, 2016, population, plus entries, minus exits, is 6,682 persons less than the published December 31 population at the national level. For parolees, the calculated total is 3,020 fewer persons than the published December 31 population. (Estimates of annual change reported in appendix tables 1,2, and 4 were calculated as the difference between the January 1 and December 31 populations within the reporting year.)

As previously discussed, jurisdiction counts reported for January 1 may differ from December 31 counts reported in the previous year. As a result, the direction of change based on year-end data could be in the opposite direction of the within-year change.

In figures 1 through 3, change was calculated as the difference between December 31 populations for each year with the exception of 2016. Change in 2016 was measured from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2016. This was due to the large discrepancy from December 31, 2015, to January 1, 2016, that was caused by reporting changes in multiple states. Annual change in reports prior to 2013 was calculated as the difference between the January 1 and December 31 populations within the reporting year.

Imputing for nonreporting agencies during 2016

BJS used the methods described below to impute missing probation and parole data for key items, including January 1, 2016, population, entries, and exits and the December 31, 2016, population.

Imputing the January 1, 2016, probation population

When the January 1, 2016, probation population was missing, the December 31 probation population from the last reported year going back to 2010 was carried forward. This method was used to estimate the January 1, 2016, probation population in 39 nonreporting counties

and district agencies in Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Washington. The January 1, 2016, population was imputed for 1.2% of the total probation population.

Imputing the December 31, 2016, probation population

When counts were missing for the December 31, 2016, probation population, total entries, or exits, the missing values were imputed by assuming zero intra-year growth and setting the missing value to the January 1, 2016 population size. This method was used to estimate the December 31, 2016, probation population in 39 nonreporting counties and district agencies in Colorado, Florida, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Washington. The December 31, 2016, population was imputed for 1.2% of the total probation population.

Imputing probation entries

Based on the availability of data, BJS used four methods of ratio estimation to impute probation entries for agencies not reporting these data. Total entries to probation in 2016 were imputed for 21.7% of the entry population.

The first method was used for agencies that reported all four key items in at least one year since 2010 and for which the January 1 and December 31, 2016, populations were equal (likely due to the imputation of one or both of those variables). The entries and exits in the most recent of those years was divided by the beginning and year-end populations from the same year (stock overflow), and the resulting ratio was multiplied by the January 1, 2016, population. When this method was used, entries and exits were imputed with the same value. This method was used to estimate probation entries in 46 nonreporting counties and district agencies in Colorado, Florida, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Washington.

The second method was used to estimate 2016 probation entries for agencies that did not report all four core variables in any single year since 2010 or had different beginning and year-end populations. The ratio of 2015 entries to the January 1, 2015, population was multiplied by the January 1, 2016, population to derive the 2016 entries. This method was used to estimate probation entries and exits for four nonreporting counties and district agencies in Georgia, Kentucky, Michigan, and Ohio.

The third method estimates 2016 entries in agencies with small populations. This method estimates the relationship between 2016 entries and the January 1, 2016, population by calculating the ratio of the sums of

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these variables across similarly sized agencies within the same state. This ratio is then multiplied by the January 1, 2016, value to obtain 2016 entries. To ensure the stability of the ratio estimator, this method was only employed in states with at least 30 reporting units and was used for five agencies in Florida, Michigan, and Ohio.

The fourth method used to estimate probation entries takes the ratio of 2015 imputed entries to the January 1, 2015, probation population and applies that ratio to the agency’s January 1, 2016, population. This method was used to estimate probation entries and exits for five nonreporting agencies in Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.

Imputing parole entries

To estimate parole entries for agencies that were unable to report these data in 2016 but were able to report in 2015, BJS calculated the ratio of entries in 2015 to the agency’s parole population on January 1, 2015, and applied that ratio to the agency’s January 1, 2016, population. This method was used to estimate parole entries in Vermont and Wisconsin. Total entries in 2016 were imputed for 1.5% of the entering parole population.

Imputing probation and parole exits

A single method was used to estimate exits from probation and parole. For both probation and parole, BJS added each agency’s estimated entries in 2016 to that agency’s population on January 1, 2016, and subtracted that estimate from the population on December 31, 2016. For probation, this method was used for 24 nonreporting agencies in Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. For parole, this method was used in Vermont, and Wisconsin. Total exits in 2016 were imputed for 7.2% of the exiting probation population and 1.5% of the exiting parole population.

Types of federal offenders under community supervision

Since the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 was enacted on November 1, 1987, offenders sentenced to federal prison are no longer eligible for parole but are required to serve a term of supervised release following release from prison. Those sentenced to prison prior to November 1, 1987, continue to be eligible for parole, as do persons violating laws of the District of Columbia, military offenders, and foreign treaty transfer offenders. (See http://www.uscourts.gov/news/ TheThirdBranch/11-05-01/Parole_in_the_Federal_ Probation_System.aspx.)

In 2008, the Annual Parole Survey included a new type of entry-to-parole category—term of supervised release—to better classify the large majority of entries to parole reported by the federal system. It is a fixed period of release to the community that follows a fixed period of incarceration based on a determinate sentencing statute. Both are determined by a judge at the time of sentencing. For details about estimating methods used to analyze national trends for all types of entry to parole, see Probation and Parole in the United States, 2010 (NCJ 236019, BJS web, November 2011).

The Sentencing Reform Act also required the adoption and use of sentencing guidelines, which took effect on the same day. Many offenses for which probation had been the typical sentence prior to this date, particularly property and regulatory offenses, subsequently resulted in sentences to prison. Changes in how federal offenders are supervised in the community were first described in the BJS report Federal Offenders under Community Supervision, 1987-96 (NCJ 168636, BJS web, August 1998) and updated in Federal Criminal Case Processing, 2002: With Trends 1982-2002, Reconciled Data (NCJ 207447, BJS web, January 2005).

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Probation: explanatory notes Probation agencies vary in their ability to provide counts consistent with Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) definitions on an annual basis. Some agencies report the number of cases, while others report the number of individuals they supervise. Because an individual can have multiple probation sentences, counting cases can artificially inflate probation totals. BJS requests that agencies report the number of individuals under supervision, and each year some agencies make the conversion, resulting in what appears to be a large decrease from previous years’ data. BJS documents these and other reporting anomalies below:

Alabama—The Alabama Board of Pardons and Paroles, in preparation for a new data management system, found many errors in older records that required reconciliation.

California—Reporting changes from 2015 to 2016—data are not comparable to those reported in previous years, most likely as the result of one county changing from reporting the number of probation cases to individuals. Other counties made minor adjustments at year-end; however, those changes are small in comparison to the major correction from reporting cases to individuals. This change resulted in a decrease of 24,650 probationers on January 1, 2016 (238,911), compared to December 31, 2015 (263,561).

Colorado—Nonreporting agencies in 2016—one local agency did not report data. The most recently available December 31 population count for this agency was used to estimate January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016. Another agency was unable to report the January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016, population but was able to provide other data for 2016.*

Florida—Nonreporting agencies in 2016—five local agencies did not report data. The most recently available December 31 population count was used to estimate January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016, counts for this agency.*

Data cleanup by local agencies resulted in an increase of 3,666 probationers on January 1, 2016 (221,446), compared to December 31, 2015 (217,780).

Georgia—Nonreporting agency in 2016—a state agency in Georgia requested that the December 31, 2015, population count be used as an estimate for the January 1, 2016, count. They provided the total population count for December 31, 2016 but did not provide additional data for 2016. Counts for December 31, 2016, have been included in national and combined state totals.*

Reporting changes between 2015 and 2016—data are not comparable to those reported in previous years as the result of one reporter. The Georgia Department of Community Supervision provided counts based on summary counts submitted by independent local probation agencies. It switched from reporting cases to individuals in 2016, resulting in a decrease of 21,271 on January 1, 2016 (410,964), compared to December 31, 2015 (432,235).

Kentucky—One agency was required to estimate their population due to an update in computer systems.

Michigan—Nonreporting agencies in 2016—the Michigan DOC was unable to provide data for 2016 because of staffing changes. At the state’s request, the December 31, 2015, population count was used as an estimate for January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016. Estimates for December 31, 2016, have been included in national and “all state” totals.*

Mississippi—Reporting changes between 2015 and 2016— the state agency closed the records of individuals who had been on inactive supervision. This change resulted in an increase of 4,019 offenders exiting probation in 2016.

Missouri—Nonreporting agency—one agency that made up fewer than 0.5% of the state’s population total did not report. For the nonreporting agency, December 31, 2015, population counts were used to estimate January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016, populations.*

New Mexico—One agency updated their estimates due to a new case-management system.

Ohio—Nonreporting agencies in 2016—eleven local agencies did not report data. The most recently available December 31 population count was used to estimate January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016, populations for these agencies.*

Washington—Nonreporting agencies in 2016—four local agencies did not report data. December 31, 2015, population counts were used to estimate January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016, populations for these agencies.*

Wisconsin—The state probation agency, overseeing the entire state probation population, was able to report the number of probationers who died or absconded, but it was not able to report the total number of exits or entries to probation during 2016. Total entries and exits were imputed for 2016.*

*See Imputing for nonreporting agencies during 2016.

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Parole: explanatory notes Each year, changes in legislation or offender management systems require states to alter previously submitted data or the data they can currently submit. The Bureau of Justice Statistics documents these changes as reported by the data respondents:

Arkansas—Reporting changes from 2015 to 2016— legislation changes in July 2015 required Arkansas Community Corrections to track suspended imposition of sentence (SIS) cases, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of SIS cases under parole supervision. This is reflected in the total number of dual parole and SIS cases. It includes 2,641 dual parole and SIS, 546 dual parole and probation, and 6 dual boot camp and probation cases.

Colorado—Reporting changes between 2015 and 2016— the Department of Corrections (DOC) noted the 2015 submission included interstate compact cases supervised by the DOC for another state. They corrected this for 2016, and data no longer include these cases. These changes resulted in a decrease of 1,600 parolees from 2015. Data may not be comparable to previous years.

California—The state agency was not able to provide data on the 2016 parole population. To produce the national year-end population estimates, data for December 31, 2016, reported in Parole Counts for Parole Statuses by Parole Region, District, and Units for December 31, 2016 (http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Reports_ Research/Offender_Information_Services_Branch/ Monthly/PAROLE/PAROLEd1612.pdf ) were used to estimate the December 31, 2016, state parole population. Estimates of state entries and exits were based on data reported by the state on the 2015 Annual Parole Survey, using the reported December 31, 2015, counts and data from Parole Counts for Parole Statuses by Parole Region, District, and Units for December 31, 2016.

Wisconsin—The state probation agency, overseeing the entire state probation population, was able to report the number of probationers who died or absconded but was not able to report the total number of exits or entries to probation during 2016. Entries and exits were imputed for 2016.*

*See Imputing for nonreporting agencies during 2016.

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APPenDix TAble 1 Adults under community supervision, 2016

Jurisdiction Community supervision populationa Entries Exits Community supervision

population, December 31, 2016a Change, 2016

Number under community supervision per 100,000 adult residents, December 31, 2016cDecember 31, 2015 January 1, 2016 Reported Estimatedb Reported Estimatedb Number Percent

U.S. total 4,650,900 4,586,900 1,997,600 2,469,300 2,356,700 2,527,400 4,537,100 -49,800 -1.1% 1,810 Federal 132,800 133,100 53,700 53,700 57,300 57,300 131,700 -1,400 -1.0% 53 State 4,518,100 4,453,900 1,943,900 2,415,600 2,299,400 2,470,100 4,405,400 -48,400 -1.1% 1,758

Alabama 64,600 59,600 17,000 17,000 16,100 16,100 60,700 1,200 2.0 1,609 Alaska .. 8,600 7,700 7,700 7,800 7,800 8,400 -200 -2.1 1,520 Arizona 83,300 83,300 35,600 35,600 34,100 34,100 84,800 1,500 1.8 1,587 Arkansasd 51,500 51,400 22,200 22,200 19,400 19,400 51,500 100 0.2 2,246 Californiad 349,600 325,000 164,900 192,000 159,400 181,700 333,300 8,300 1.0 1,100 Coloradod 89,200 88,800 63,200 63,600 61,100 61,600 90,900 2,200 2.4 2,106 Connecticut 45,300 45,000 24,100 24,100 23,100 23,100 44,700 -300 -0.7 1,580 Delaware 16,100 16,100 12,600 12,600 12,900 12,900 15,800 -300 -1.8 2,101 District of Columbia 9,900 9,900 5,900 5,900 6,100 6,100 9,600 -200 -2.5 1,709 Floridad 225,400 226,100 134,300 150,200 142,600 156,300 218,600 -7,400 -3.3 1,315 Georgiad 451,800 430,800 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Hawaii 22,500 22,400 5,000 5,000 5,600 5,600 21,900 -500 -2.3 1,949 Idaho 37,800 37,800 15,500 15,500 15,800 15,800 37,500 -300 -0.8 2,980 Illinois 151,300 151,800 66,900 66,900 76,200 76,200 143,400 -8,300 -5.5 1,451 Indiana 122,500 121,100 84,700 84,700 89,100 89,100 116,700 -4,400 -3.7 2,300 Iowa 35,600 35,500 19,300 19,300 19,700 19,700 35,100 -400 -1.2 1,456 Kansas 20,900 20,900 26,000 26,000 25,400 25,400 21,500 600 2.7 978 Kentucky 70,600 68,800 27,900 35,900 29,700 40,800 63,800 -5,000 -7.2 1,858 Louisiana 71,900 72,000 28,800 28,800 29,800 29,800 71,000 -1,100 -1.5 1,985 Maine 6,700 6,700 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,300 6,800 100 1.7 634 Maryland 87,400 87,400 37,800 37,800 42,300 42,300 82,800 -4,600 -5.2 1,770 Massachusetts 66,900 66,900 67,900 67,900 71,200 71,200 63,600 -3,300 -4.9 1,167 Michigand 193,900 192,200 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Minnesota 105,100 105,000 54,400 54,400 55,400 55,400 103,900 -1,000 -1.0 2,447 Mississippid 44,800 44,800 16,400 16,400 23,400 23,400 37,700 -7,000 -15.7 1,660 Missourid 62,600 62,400 38,400 38,400 39,200 39,300 61,600 -800 -1.3 1,305 Montana 9,700 9,900 5,000 5,000 4,700 4,700 10,200 300 3.0 1,247 Nebraska 13,700 13,700 11,500 11,500 13,900 13,900 14,600 900 6.6 1,013 Nevada 19,200 19,200 9,400 9,400 9,300 9,300 19,000 -200 -1.3 831 New Hampshire 6,300 6,300 4,000 4,000 3,900 3,900 6,400 100 1.0 592 New Jersey 151,300 151,300 38,000 38,000 33,600 33,600 155,700 4,400 2.9 2,231 New Mexico 16,800 15,400 8,700 14,900 16,000 16,000 15,500 100 0.8 973

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New York 145,600 146,400 46,900 46,900 50,900 50,900 142,400 -4,000 -2.7 913 North Carolina 97,400 97,400 62,600 62,600 64,600 64,600 95,200 -2,200 -2.2 1,205 North Dakota 6,900 7,000 6,100 6,100 6,000 6,000 7,100 200 2.4 1,228 Ohiod 262,000 254,700 130,400 143,900 130,200 144,500 256,400 1,700 0.7 2,842 Oklahoma 33,400 33,400 13,400 13,400 11,300 11,300 35,500 2,100 6.2 1,193 Oregon .. 60,000 37,600 37,600 36,200 36,200 61,400 1,400 2.3 1,887 Pennsylvania 296,200 296,200 155,300 155,300 159,900 159,900 291,600 -4,600 -1.6 2,880 Rhode Island 24,400 24,400 200 4,900 200 6,000 23,200 -1,100 -4.6 2,735 South Carolina 38,500 38,300 15,900 15,900 17,600 17,600 36,700 -1,600 -4.1 944 South Dakota 9,800 9,600 5,100 5,100 5,400 5,400 9,300 -300 -3.5 1,420 Tennessee 75,400 75,900 27,100 27,100 27,800 27,800 74,700 -1,200 -1.6 1,443 Texas 488,800 488,400 179,500 179,500 184,300 184,300 482,900 -5,500 -1.1 2,328 Utah 15,700 15,700 8,300 8,300 8,000 8,000 15,900 300 1.7 740 Vermont 6,300 6,200 .. 3,500 .. 3,900 5,800 -400 -6.5 1,153 Virginia 57,000 57,000 34,600 34,600 38,100 38,100 62,500 5,400 9.5 952 Washingtond 104,700 105,100 43,800 47,300 42,700 51,600 100,600 -4,400 -4.2 1,763 West Virginia 10,100 10,100 2,100 3,200 3,200 3,200 10,100 -100 -0.6 692 Wisconsind,e 65,600 66,400 .. 29,500 7,800 31,000 64,900 -1,500 -2.3 1,442 Wyoming 5,900 5,600 3,300 3,300 3,400 3,400 5,500 -100 -2.4 1,235

Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 100. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. Data quality may vary across jurisdictions for counts of entries and exits; therefore, the population on December 31, 2016, does not equal the population on January 1, 2016, plus entries, minus exits. ..Not known. aThe December 31, 2015, and January 1, 2016, population excludes 9,375 offenders and the December 31, 2016, population excludes 10,822 offenders under community supervision who were on both probation and parole. See Methodology for more detail on dual status. bReported data will equal estimated data in cases where no imputation was required. cRates were computed using the estimated U.S. adult resident population in each jurisdiction on January 1, 2017. dSee Explanatory notes for more detail. eExits reported were deaths and absconders. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, 2016.

APPENDIX TABLE 1 (continued) Adults under community supervision, 2016

Jurisdiction Community supervision populationa Entries Exits Community supervision

population, December 31, 2016a Change, 2016

Number under community supervision per 100,000 adult residents, December 31, 2016cDecember 31, 2015 January 1, 2016 Reported Estimatedb Reported Estimatedb Number Percent

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APPenDix TAble 2 Adults on probation, 2016

Probation population Entries Exits Probation population, December 31, 2016

Change, 2016 Number on probation per 100,000 U.S. adult residents, December 31, 2016bJurisdiction December 31, 2015 January 1, 2016 Reported Estimateda Reported Estimateda Number Percent

U.S. total 3,789,785 3,725,638 1,574,587 2,012,200 1,928,687 2,071,400 3,673,120 -52,518 -1.4% 1,466 Federal 18,368 18,320 8,240 8,240 9,155 9,155 17,284 -1,036 -5.7% 7 State 3,771,417 3,707,318 1,566,347 2,003,900 1,919,532 2,062,300 3,655,836 -51,482 -1.4% 1,459

Alabama 56,700 51,694 14,477 14,477 13,994 13,994 52,177 483 0.9 1,382 Alaska .. 6,513 6,942 6,900 6,834 6,800 6,621 108 1.7 1,193 Arizona 76,005 76,005 24,136 24,136 22,768 22,768 77,373 1,368 1.8 1,447 Arkansas 28,900 29,003 11,328 11,328 9,450 9,450 30,881 1,878 6.5 1,347 Californiac,d 263,531 238,911 138,876 138,876 136,166 136,166 239,735 824 1.0 791 Coloradod 78,883 78,810 55,501 56,000 53,701 54,200 80,740 1,930 2.4 1,870 Connecticut 42,346 42,064 21,483 21,483 20,920 20,920 41,311 -753 -1.8 1,461 Delaware 15,646 15,646 12,463 12,463 12,714 12,714 15,395 -251 -1.6 2,049 District of Columbia 5,536 5,546 4,576 4,576 4,284 4,284 5,838 292 5.3 1,034 Floridad 220,769 221,446 128,167 144,100 136,484 150,100 214,066 -7,380 -3.3 1,288 Georgiad,e 432,235 410,964 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Hawaii 20,912 20,912 4,400 4,400 4,796 4,796 20,516 -396 -1.9 1,828 Idaho 32,898 32,898 12,480 12,480 12,969 12,969 32,409 -489 -1.5 2,578 Illinois 122,125 122,125 42,970 43,000 51,106 51,100 113,989 -8,136 -6.7 1,154 Indiana 113,076 111,709 77,640 77,640 81,047 81,047 108,302 -3,407 -3.0 2,135 Iowa 29,875 29,819 15,502 15,502 16,067 16,067 29,254 -565 -1.9 1,213 Kansas 16,588 16,588 21,493 21,493 21,427 21,427 16,654 66 0.4 758 Kentucky 54,049 52,266 17,125 25,100 17,834 28,900 48,457 -3,809 -7.3 1,411 Louisiana 40,764 40,959 12,875 12,875 13,660 13,660 40,174 -785 -1.9 1,124 Maine 6,708 6,702 3,290 3,290 3,307 3,307 6,817 115 1.7 632 Maryland 76,505 76,505 33,494 33,494 37,470 37,470 72,529 -3,976 -5.2 1,550 Massachusetts 64,934 64,934 65,772 65,772 68,917 68,917 61,789 -3,145 -4.8 1,133 Michigand 175,965 175,189 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Minnesota 98,258 98,165 47,266 47,266 48,579 48,579 96,852 -1,313 -1.3 2,280 Mississippid 36,333 36,333 9,753 9,753 17,019 17,019 29,067 -7,266 -20.0 1,280 Missourid 44,876 44,762 25,127 25,200 26,090 26,100 43,799 -963 -2.2 928 Montana 8,610 8,818 4,444 4,444 4,143 4,143 9,132 314 3.6 1,115 Nebraska 12,626 12,626 9,951 9,951 12,425 12,425 13,489 863 6.8 937 Nevada 13,724 13,724 5,724 5,724 5,414 5,414 13,724 0 -- 601 New Hampshire 3,861 3,861 2,508 2,508 2,430 2,430 3,939 78 2.0 366 New Jersey 136,137 136,137 32,456 32,456 28,004 28,004 140,589 4,452 3.3 2,015 New Mexico 15,048 13,778 6,288 12,600 13,615 13,615 12,714 -1,064 -7.7 798

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New York 100,996 101,789 26,494 26,494 30,355 30,355 97,928 -3,861 -3.8 628 North Carolina 85,634 85,634 48,995 48,995 52,163 52,163 82,466 -3,168 -3.7 1,044 North Dakota 6,303 6,343 4,591 4,591 4,593 4,593 6,341 -2 -- 1,090 Ohiod 243,710 236,375 122,295 135,800 123,450 137,800 236,754 379 0.2 2,624 Oklahoma 31,281 31,281 13,004 13,004 10,723 10,723 33,562 2,281 7.3 1,129 Oregon .. 35,938 28,028 28,000 27,308 27,300 36,658 720 2.0 1,127 Pennsylvania 183,868 183,868 94,091 94,091 97,467 97,467 180,492 -3,376 -1.8 1,783 Rhode Island 23,920 23,920 .. 4,700 .. 5,800 22,781 -1,139 -4.8 2,680 South Carolina 33,843 33,652 13,483 13,483 14,501 14,501 32,634 -1,018 -3.0 839 South Dakota 7,118 6,959 3,311 3,311 3,660 3,660 6,610 -349 -5.0 1,009 Tennessee 62,325 62,829 23,703 23,703 23,431 23,431 62,609 -220 -0.4 1,209 Texas 378,937 378,514 144,055 144,055 148,284 148,284 374,285 -4,229 -1.1 1,805 Utah 12,181 12,164 5,616 5,616 5,551 5,551 12,229 65 0.5 568 Vermont 5,170 5,164 .. 2,900 .. 3,200 4,904 -260 -5.0 969 Virginia 55,472 55,472 33,897 33,897 37,532 37,532 60,821 5,349 9.6 927 Washingtond 93,535 93,953 37,969 41,600 37,108 46,000 89,317 -4,636 -4.9 1,565 West Virginia 7,008 7,008 .. 1,100 1,539 1,539 6,523 -485 -6.9 448 Wisconsind,f 46,144 46,183 .. 22,900 6,351 24,600 44,489 -1,694 -3.7 988 Wyoming 5,113 4,860 2,564 2,564 2,758 2,758 4,666 -194 -4.0 1,046

Note: Data quality may vary across jurisdictions for counts of entries and exits; therefore, the population on December, 31, 2016, does not equal the population on January 1, 2016, plus entries, minus exits. Counts may not be actual as reporting agencies may provide estimates on some or all detailed data. ..Not known. --Less than 0.05%. aReported data will equal estimated data in cases where no imputation was required. bRates were computed using the estimated U.S. adult resident population in each jurisdiction on January 1, 2017. cJanuary 1, 2016, reflects a reporting change resulting in a decrease of 24,650 from the population reported for December 31, 2015. dSee Probation: Explanatory notes for more detail. eJanuary 1, 2016, reflects a reporting change resulting in a decrease of 21,271 from the population reported for December 31, 2015. fExits reported were deaths and absconders. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, 2016.

APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued) Adults on probation, 2016

Probation population Entries Exits Probation population, December 31, 2016

Number on probation per 100,000 U.S. adult residents, December 31, 2016bJurisdiction December 31, 2015 January 1, 2016 Reported Estimateda Reported Estimateda Number Percent

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APPenDix TAble 3 Adults exiting probation, by type of exit, 2016

Incarcerated

Jurisdiction Total reported Completion

With new sentence

Under current sentence

To receive treatment

Other/ unknown Absconder

Discharged to warrant or detainer

Other unsatisfactory Death Othera

Unknown or not reported

U.S. total 1,928,687 971,498 64,177 98,698 4,678 65,650 49,159 11,958 262,418 12,367 80,106 307,978 Federal 9,155 7,714 0 800 0 0 0 0 118 90 0 433 State 1,919,532 963,784 64,177 97,898 4,678 65,650 49,159 11,958 262,300 12,277 80,106 307,545

Alabama* 13,994 10,880 1,603 486 0 0 0 1 0 322 2 700 Alaska* 6,834 1,300 1,936 2,201 .. .. 630 .. .. 55 .. 712 Arizona* 22,768 16,176 .. 4,893 ~ 0 .. .. 1,268 331 100 0 Arkansas* 9,450 5,150 449 1,802 567 0 0 24 1,269 183 6 0 California* 136,166 58,090 0 0 0 0 0 0 53,388 0 24,688 0 Colorado* 53,701 34,115 256 927 0 6,589 5,065 0 165 394 5,007 1,183 Connecticut* 20,920 15,985 .. .. .. .. 371 4,564 .. .. .. 0 Delaware* 12,714 7,720 337 976 .. .. .. .. 1,634 119 1,928 0 District of Columbia 4,284 3,345 0 0 0 725 0 0 94 45 75 0 Florida* 136,484 72,412 13,236 19,974 17 132 304 1,308 3,134 1,017 81 24,869 Georgia* 294,357 137,526 .. .. .. .. .. .. 156,831 .. .. 0 Hawaii* 4,796 3,502 236 533 .. 453 .. .. .. 68 4 0 Idaho* 12,969 3,123 .. 19 1,203 26 6 3 .. 60 .. 8,529 Illinois* 51,106 37,435 427 6,090 ~ ~ ~ ~ 7,154 ~ ~ 0 Indiana* 81,047 50,271 8,287 9,452 .. .. 7,077 .. .. .. 5,960 0 Iowa 16,067 11,014 1,431 258 0 0 15 0 3,193 125 31 0 Kansas* 21,427 13,363 ~ ~ ~ 130 2,472 .. 2,970 .. 2,492 0 Kentucky* 17,834 9,969 1,502 3,699 0 1,974 88 0 37 384 181 0 Louisiana* 13,660 8,187 1,394 2,708 ~ 16 ~ ~ 1,085 221 49 0 Maine 3,307 2,532 .. .. .. 589 .. .. .. .. .. 186 Maryland 37,470 23,736 3,533 3,231 .. ~ .. .. 4,949 550 1,063 408 Massachusetts* 68,917 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68,917 Michigan* 94,767 39,203 1,831 2,677 208 204 155 716 4,295 229 1,764 43,485 Minnesota 48,579 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48,579 Mississippi 17,019 12,855 889 2,017 0 585 0 0 0 70 573 30 Missouri 26,090 11,102 935 3,701 939 18 8,766 .. .. 431 .. 198 Montana* 4,143 1,570 310 753 4 54 17 0 0 56 188 1,191 Nebraska 12,425 9,727 1,694 10 0 0 0 0 789 56 148 1 Nevada* 5,414 2,794 0 0 0 0 14 0 2,201 405 0 0 New Hampshire 2,430 2,242 .. 170 ~ ~ .. .. ~ 18 .. 0 New Jersey 28,004 .. .. .. .. .. 6 .. .. 20 .. 27,978 New Mexico* 13,615 8,585 .. 732 .. .. 2,907 1,092 .. 73 4 222

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APPenDix TAble 3 (continued) Adults exiting probation, by type of exit, 2016

Incarcerated

Jurisdiction Total reported Completion

With new sentence

Under current sentence

To receive treatment

Other/ unknown Absconder

Discharged to warrant or detainer

Other unsatisfactory Death Othera

Unknown or not reported

New York 30,355 17,973 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 447 .. 11,935 North Carolina 52,163 27,407 3,015 3,825 ~ ~ 8,275 ~ 8,078 656 ~ 907 North Dakota 4,593 2,304 736 1,156 .. .. 314 0 .. 69 0 14 Ohio* 123,450 53,984 3,033 8,290 1,722 1,125 3,849 2,288 5,380 958 5,880 36,941 Oklahoma* 10,723 8,458 463 785 .. .. .. .. 109 146 .. 762 Oregon* 27,308 7,391 479 4,010 0 0 125 0 134 142 1,373 13,654 Pennsylvania* 97,467 73,891 10,954 3,390 0 0 1,127 35 619 1,122 6,329 0 Rhode Island .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. South Carolina 14,501 10,856 478 2,876 0 0 0 0 0 227 64 0 South Dakota* 3,660 1,922 .. .. .. 735 .. .. .. .. .. 1,003 Tennessee* 23,431 15,055 3,051 4,216 0 0 325 0 0 457 327 0 Texas* 148,284 96,279 .. .. .. 44,697 .. .. ~ 1,727 5,581 0 Utah 5,551 2,097 381 362 0 0 8 0 1,636 112 955 0 Vermont .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Virginia 37,532 15,584 0 0 0 7,414 0 80 0 589 13,691 174 Washington* 37,108 15,211 811 589 18 184 11 1,847 1,740 185 1,545 14,967 West Virginia* 1,539 .. 323 558 .. .. 658 .. .. .. .. 0 Wisconsinb 6,351 .. .. .. .. .. 6,176 .. .. 175 .. .. Wyoming 2,758 1,463 167 532 0 0 398 0 148 33 17 0

Note: Based on reported data only. For imputed exits to probation, see appendix table 2. ..Not known. ~Not applicable. *Some or all data were estimates. aIncludes 21,578 probationers who transferred to another jurisdiction and 58,528 probationers who exited supervision for other reasons. bExits reported were deaths and absconders. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, 2016.

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APPenDix TAble 4 Characteristics of adults on probation, 2000, 2015, and 2016 Characteristic 2000 2015 2016 Sex 100% 100% 100%

Male 78 75 75 Female 22 25 25

Race/Hispanic origina 100% 100% 100% White 54 55 55 Black/African American 31 30 28 Hispanic/Latino 13 13 14 American Indian/Alaska Native 1 1 1 Asian/Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 1 1 1 Two or more races ... -- --

Status of supervision 100% 100% 100% Active 76 76 75 Residential/other treatment program ... 1 1 Financial conditions remaining ... 2 2 Inactive 9 4 4 Absconder 9 7 7 Supervised out of jurisdiction 3 2 2 Warrant status ... 5 5 Other 3 4 4

Type of offense 100% 100% 100% Felony 52 57 59 Misdemeanor 46 41 40 Other infractions 2 2 2

Most serious offense 100% 100% 100% Violent ... 20 20

Domestic violence ... 4 4 Sex offense ... 4 4 Other violent offense ... 13 13

Property ... 28 26 Drug 24 25 24 Public order 24 15 17

DWI/DUI 18 13 14 Other traffic offense 6 2 2

Otherb 52 12 13 Note: Characteristics are based on probationers with a known status. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. --Less than 0.05%. ...Not available. aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, unless specified. bIncludes violent and property offenses in 2000 because those data were not collected separately. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, 2000, 2015, and 2016.

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APPenDix TAble 5 Adults on parole, 2016

Jurisdiction Parole population Entries Exits Parole population,

December 31, 2016 Change, 2016

Number on parole per 100,000 U.S. adult residents, December 31, 2016bDecember 31, 2015 January 1, 2016 Reported Estimateda Reported Estimateda Number Percent

U.S. total 870,526 870,657 422,975 457,100 428,022 456,000 874,777 4,120 0.5% 349 Federal 114,471 114,746 45,469 45,469 48,108 48,108 114,385 -361 -0.3% 46 State 756,055 755,911 377,506 411,700 379,914 407,900 760,392 4,481 0.6% 303

Alabama 8,138 8,150 2,515 2,515 2,103 2,103 8,562 412 5.1 227 Alaska .. 2,100 717 700 1,005 1,000 1,812 -288 -13.7 326 Arizona 7,379 7,379 11,481 11,481 11,360 11,360 7,500 121 1.6 140 Arkansas 23,093 22,910 10,868 10,868 9,902 9,902 23,792 882 3.8 1,038 Californiac 86,053 86,053 26,007 53,100 23,212 45,600 93,598 7,545 8.8 309 Colorado 10,269 9,953 7,657 7,657 7,424 7,424 10,186 233 2.3 236 Connecticut 2,939 2,939 2,591 2,591 2,151 2,151 3,379 440 15.0 119 Delaware 425 425 129 129 167 167 387 -38 -8.9 52 District of Columbia 4,594 4,548 1,330 1,330 1,853 1,853 4,025 -523 -11.5 713 Florida 4,611 4,611 6,110 6,110 6,155 6,155 4,566 -45 -1.0 27 Georgia 24,130 24,413 9,434 9,434 11,461 11,461 22,386 -2,027 -8.3 285 Hawaii 1,540 1,479 629 629 822 822 1,367 -112 -7.6 122 Idaho 4,875 4,875 3,055 3,055 2,876 2,876 5,054 179 3.7 402 Illinois 29,146 29,629 23,889 23,889 25,083 25,083 29,428 -201 -0.7 298 Indiana 9,434 9,420 7,056 7,056 8,091 8,091 8,385 -1,035 -11.0 165 Iowa 5,918 5,901 3,810 3,810 3,660 3,660 6,051 150 2.5 251 Kansas 4,331 4,331 4,465 4,465 3,966 3,966 4,830 499 11.5 220 Kentucky 16,563 16,536 10,757 10,757 11,910 11,910 15,383 -1,153 -7.0 448 Louisiana 31,187 31,187 15,888 15,888 16,168 16,168 30,907 -280 -0.9 864 Maine 21 21 1 1 1 1 21 0 -- 2 Maryland 10,887 10,887 4,295 4,295 4,877 4,877 10,305 -582 -5.3 220 Massachusetts 1,978 1,995 2,111 2,111 2,255 2,255 1,851 -144 -7.2 34 Michigan 17,909 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 216 Minnesota 6,808 6,810 7,129 7,129 6,864 6,864 7,075 265 3.9 167 Mississippi 8,424 8,424 6,597 6,597 6,376 6,376 8,645 221 2.6 381 Missouri 17,694 17,657 13,255 13,255 13,120 13,120 17,792 135 0.8 377 Montana 1,092 1,092 533 533 551 551 1,074 -18 -1.6 131 Nebraska 1,043 1,050 1,537 1,537 1,499 1,499 1,088 38 3.6 76 Nevada 5,507 5,507 3,635 3,635 3,881 3,881 5,261 -246 -4.5 230 New Hampshire 2,451 2,451 1,461 1,461 1,476 1,476 2,436 -15 -0.6 226 New Jersey 15,180 15,180 5,539 5,539 5,591 5,591 15,128 -52 -0.3 217 New Mexico 2,888 2,763 2,384 2,384 2,367 2,367 2,780 17 0.6 175

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New York 44,562 44,562 20,443 20,443 20,579 20,579 44,426 -136 -0.3 285 North Carolina 11,744 11,744 13,647 13,647 12,388 12,388 12,726 982 8.4 161 North Dakota 644 634 1,545 1,545 1,375 1,375 804 170 26.8 138 Ohio 18,284 18,284 8,085 8,085 6,735 6,735 19,634 1,350 7.4 218 Oklahoma 2,116 2,116 383 383 604 604 1,895 -221 -10.4 64 Oregon .. 24,077 9,561 9,600 8,927 8,900 24,711 634 2.6 760 Pennsylvania 112,351 112,351 61,179 61,179 62,443 62,443 111,087 -1,264 -1.1 1,097 Rhode Island 433 441 239 239 220 220 460 19 4.3 54 South Carolina 5,021 4,963 2,460 2,460 3,076 3,076 4,347 -616 -12.4 112 South Dakota 2,652 2,673 1,788 1,788 1,774 1,774 2,687 14 0.5 410 Tennessee 13,093 13,063 3,353 3,353 4,324 4,324 12,092 -971 -7.4 234 Texas 111,892 111,892 35,398 35,398 36,003 36,003 111,287 -605 -0.5 537 Utah 3,506 3,502 2,640 2,640 2,435 2,435 3,707 205 5.9 172 Vermont 1,090 1,083 .. 600 .. 700 935 -148 -13.7 185 Virginia 1,576 1,576 711 711 601 601 1,650 74 4.7 25 Washington 11,198 11,131 5,782 5,782 5,591 5,591 11,322 191 1.7 198 West Virginia 3,123 3,123 2,113 2,113 1,686 1,686 3,550 427 13.7 244 Wisconsind 19,453 20,241 .. 6,500 1,450 6,400 20,401 160 0.8 453 Wyoming 812 783 691 691 632 632 842 59 7.5 189

Note: Data quality may vary across jurisdictions for counts of entries and exits; therefore, the population on December, 31, 2016, does not equal the population on January 1, 2016, plus entries, minus exits. Counts may not be actual as reporting agencies may provide estimates on some or all detailed data. ..Not known. --Less than 0.05%. aReported data will equal estimated data in cases where no imputation was required. bRates were computed using the estimated U.S. adult resident population in each jurisdiction on January 1, 2017. cIncludes Post-Release Community Supervision and Mandatory Supervision parolees: 44,687 parolees on January 1, 2016; and 27,093 entries, 22,343 exits, and 49,437 parolees on December 31, 2016. dExits reported were deaths and absconders. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Parole Survey, 2016.

APPENDIX TABLE 5 (continued) Adults on parole, 2016

Jurisdiction Parole population Entries Exits Parole population,

December 31, 2016 Change, 2016

Number on parole per 100,000 U.S. adult residents, December 31, 2016bDecember 31, 2015 January 1, 2016 Reported Estimateda Reported Estimateda Number Percent

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APPenDix TAble 6 Adults entering parole, by type of entry, 2016

Jurisdiction Total reported Discretionarya Mandatoryb Reinstatementc Term of supervised released Othere

Unknown or not reported

U.S. total 422,975 187,341 116,303 11,575 75,974 5,026 26,756 Federal 45,469 289 0 0 45,180 0 0 State 377,506 187,052 116,303 11,575 30,794 5,026 26,756

Alabama* 2,515 2,506 9 .. .. 0 0 Alaska* 717 143 325 249 ~ 0 0 Arizona 11,481 27 11,374 80 0 0 0 Arkansas* 10,868 9,085 1,783 0 0 0 0 California* 26,007 .. .. .. .. 0 26,007 Colorado 7,657 2,727 3,305 1,475 0 150 0 Connecticut 2,591 1,235 0 0 1,356 0 0 Delaware* 129 .. .. .. .. 0 129 District of Columbia 1,330 199 0 0 1,131 0 0 Florida 6,110 34 5,363 0 700 13 0 Georgia* 9,434 9,434 0 0 0 0 0 Hawaii* 629 629 0 0 ~ 0 0 Idaho* 3,055 1,701 .. 1,347 .. 7 0 Illinois* 23,889 18 23,006 90 ~ 559 216 Indiana 7,056 0 7,056 0 0 0 0 Iowa 3,810 3,810 0 0 0 0 0 Kansas 4,465 0 3 153 4,215 34 60 Kentucky* 10,757 6,618 4,138 0 0 1 0 Louisiana 15,888 575 14,974 285 26 28 0 Maine* 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Maryland* 4,295 1,962 2,333 .. .. 0 0 Massachusetts 2,111 1,998 0 113 0 0 0 Michigan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Minnesota* 7,129 2 6,659 0 0 468 0 Mississippi 6,597 4,770 621 0 0 862 344 Missouri* 13,255 10,142 837 1,248 ~ 1,028 0 Montana 533 533 0 0 0 0 0 Nebraska* 1,537 1,320 0 211 ~ 6 0 Nevada* 3,635 2,271 1,209 155 ~ 0 0 New Hampshire* 1,461 785 0 573 ~ 103 0 New Jersey 5,539 3,339 2,200 ~ 0 0 0 New Mexico* 2,384 .. .. .. 2,133 251 0 New York 20,443 5,272 6,439 0 7,867 865 0 North Carolina* 13,647 31 281 ~ 13,335 0 0 North Dakota 1,545 1,545 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio 8,085 72 7,809 204 0 0 0 Oklahoma* 383 383 ~ ~ ~ 0 0 Oregon 9,561 2,294 7,186 4 11 66 0 Pennsylvania* 61,179 57,542 0 3,637 0 0 0 Rhode Island* 239 239 ~ ~ ~ 0 0 South Carolina 2,460 809 1,651 0 0 0 0 South Dakota* 1,788 500 1,175 .. 20 93 0 Tennessee 3,353 3,267 6 75 0 5 0 Texas 35,398 34,110 403 509 ~ 376 0

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APPenDix TAble 6 (continued) Adults entering parole, by type of entry, 2016

Jurisdiction Total reported Discretionarya Mandatoryb Reinstatementc Term of supervised released Othere

Unknown or not reported

Utah 2,640 2,452 0 77 0 111 0 Vermont .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Virginia 711 258 453 0 0 0 0 Washington 5,782 224 5,134 424 0 0 0 West Virginia* 2,113 2,071 42 0 0 0 0 Wisconsin .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wyoming 691 615 0 76 0 0 0

..Not known. ~Not applicable. *Some or all data were estimates. aIncludes persons entering due to a parole board decision. bIncludes persons whose release from prison was not decided by a parole board and persons entering due to determinate sentencing, good-time provisions, or emergency releases. cIncludes persons returned to parole after serving time in a prison due to a parole violation. Depending on the reporting jurisdiction, reinstatement entries may include only parolees who were originally released from prison through a discretionary release, mandatory release, or a combination of both types. May also include those originally released through a term of supervised release. dIncludes persons sentenced by a judge to a fixed period of incarceration based on a determinate statute immediately followed by a period of supervised release in the community. eSee Methodology for examples of commonly provided categories. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Parole Survey, 2016.

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APPenDix TAble 7 Adults exiting parole, by type of exit, 2016

Returned to incarceration

Jurisdiction Total reported Completion

With new sentence

With revocation

To receive treatment

Other/ unknown Absconder

Other unsatisfactory Death Othera

Unknown or not reported

U.S. total 428,022 242,154 31,831 69,855 2,757 11,982 7,925 5,395 6,214 17,760 32,149 Federal 48,108 28,906 0 11,276 0 0 0 285 801 0 6,840 State 379,914 213,248 31,831 58,579 2,757 11,982 7,925 5,110 5,413 17,760 25,309

Alabama* 2,103 1,513 415 58 .. .. .. .. 90 27 0 Alaska* 1,005 446 190 369 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Arizona* 11,360 7,682 16 2,472 0 0 37 1,094 59 0 0 Arkansas* 9,902 3,665 262 5,741 0 0 0 0 196 38 0 California* 23,212 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23,212 Colorado 7,424 4,027 827 2,397 0 2 0 0 104 67 0 Connecticut 2,151 1,094 0 0 0 878 179 0 0 0 0 Delaware* 167 54 2 6 .. .. .. 6 2 97 0 District of Columbia 1,853 789 0 0 0 653 0 198 54 159 0 Florida 6,155 3,957 337 764 0 0 0 0 1 791 305 Georgia* 11,461 8,675 304 22 .. 2,235 0 0 120 0 105 Hawaii* 822 293 0 336 0 0 75 0 7 111 0 Idaho* 2,876 748 373 .. 6 .. 186 .. 33 154 1,376 Illinois* 25,083 15,533 1,770 6,570 ~ ~ 50 9 297 854 0 Indiana* 8,091 3,830 389 1,985 0 0 1,491 0 65 331 0 Iowa 3,660 1,967 713 789 0 0 4 145 41 1 0 Kansas 3,966 3,201 162 0 0 0 404 0 32 167 0 Kentucky* 11,910 5,513 486 2,093 ~ 3,631 ~ ~ 187 ~ 0 Louisiana* 16,168 7,059 1,439 1,232 ~ 1,396 ~ 1,539 245 3,258 0 Maine 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland 4,877 2,990 493 516 .. ~ .. 614 119 44 101 Massachusetts* 2,255 1,749 68 408 0 14 0 0 16 0 0 Michigan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Minnesota* 6,864 3,646 299 2,883 0 0 0 0 36 0 0 Mississippi* 6,376 1,142 1,621 0 0 392 0 0 51 3,170 0 Missouri 13,120 4,982 1,004 3,439 692 1,478 1,266 ~ 238 ~ 21 Montana 551 306 22 206 0 0 0 0 14 3 0 Nebraska* 1,499 1,063 ~ 416 ~ 13 ~ ~ 7 ~ 0 Nevada* 3,881 2,574 304 525 ~ 390 35 0 53 0 0 New Hampshire 1,476 679 .. 797 ~ ~ .. .. .. .. 0 New Jersey 5,591 3,961 98 1,387 ~ 0 ~ 0 113 32 0 New Mexico* 2,367 672 196 1,172 0 276 0 0 42 9 0 New York 20,579 10,571 1,318 6,362 2,056 0 0 ~ 272 ~ 0 North Carolina* 12,388 9,184 931 397 ~ 0 1,590 163 123 ~ 0 North Dakota 1,375 1,011 72 239 .. 0 40 .. 13 0 0 Ohio 6,735 4,251 1,595 127 0 0 275 0 224 263 0 Oklahoma* 604 555 14 10 ~ ~ ~ ~ 25 ~ 0 Oregon 8,927 4,661 862 2,041 3 0 5 885 163 172 135 Pennsylvania* 62,443 41,664 6,293 5,302 0 0 765 299 793 7,327 0 Rhode Island 220 167 8 41 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 South Carolina 3,076 2,740 32 212 0 0 0 0 40 52 0 South Dakota* 1,774 916 172 583 ~ 79 0 ~ 24 ~ 0 Tennessee 4,324 2,603 887 704 0 0 0 0 130 0 0

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APPenDix TAble 7 (continued) Adults exiting parole, by type of exit, 2016

Texas 36,003 27,855 5,400 1,273 ~ 469 ~ ~ 941 16 49 Utah 2,435 425 274 1,547 0 0 0 142 34 13 0 Vermont .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Virginia 601 101 105 35 0 0 0 0 8 349 3 Washington 5,591 3,799 892 760 0 76 0 0 64 0 0 West Virginia* 1,686 1,172 58 272 0 0 152 0 32 0 0 Wisconsinb 1,450 .. .. .. .. .. 1,339 .. 111 .. .. Wyoming 632 417 27 133 0 0 32 16 4 1 2

..Not known. ~Not applicable. *Some or all data were estimates. aIncludes 2,239 parolees who were transferred to another state and 15,521 parolees who exited for other reasons. bExits reported were deaths and absconders. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Parole Survey, 2016.

Returned to incarceration

Jurisdiction Total reported Completion

With new sentence

With revocation

To receive treatment

Other/ unknown Absconder

Other unsatisfactory Death Othera

Unknown or not reported

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APPENDIX TABLE 8 Characteristics of adults on parole, 2000, 2015, and 2016 Characteristic 2000 2015 2016 Sex 100% 100% 100%

Male 88 87 87 Female 12 13 13

Race/Hispanic origina 100% 100% 100% White 38 44 45 Black/African American 40 38 38 Hispanic/Latino 21 16 15 American Indian/Alaska Native 1 1 1 Asian/Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific

Islander -- 1 1 Two or more races ... -- --

Status of supervision 100% 100% 100% Active 83 83 82 Inactive 4 5 5 Absconder 7 6 7 Supervised out of state 5 4 4 Financial conditions remaining ... -- -- Other 1 3 2

Maximum sentence to incarceration 100% 100% 100% Less than one year 3 6 6 One year or more 97 94 94

Most serious offense 100% 100% 100% Violent ... 32 30

Sex offense ... 8 8 Other ... 24 22

Property ... 21 21 Drug ... 31 31 Weapon ... 4 4 Otherb ... 13 13

Note: Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. Estimates are based on most recent data and may differ from previously published statistics. See Methodology. Characteristics are based on parolees with a known type of status. --Less than 0.05%. ...Not available. aExcludes persons of Hispanic or Latino origin, unless specified. bIncludes public order offenses. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Parole Survey, 2000, 2015, and 2016.

Office of Justice Programs Building Solutions • Supporting Communities • Advancing Justice

www.ojp.usdoj.gov

The Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S. Department of Justice is the principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal victimization, criminal offenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels. BJS collects, analyzes, and disseminates reliable and valid statistics on crime and justice systems in the United States, supports improvements to state and local criminal justice information systems, and participates with national and international organizations to develop and recommend national standards for justice statistics. Jeffrey H. Anderson is director.

This report was written by Danielle Kaeble. E. Ann Carson and Todd Minton verified the report.

Caitlin Scoville and Jill Thomas edited the report. Tina Dorsey produced the report.

April 2018, NCJ 251148

NCJ251148