addiction and obsession
Lola2230
BiologyofAddictionPartII-2.pptx
Chapter 3
Substance Misuse, Dependence, and the Body
Part II – The Brain
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Power Point for Addiction Treatment: A Strengths Perspective Katherine van Wormer Diane Rae Davis Cengage Publishing Company 2012 copyright
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Brain Regions and Their Functions
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The Brain and Addiction
Neurotransmitters affect emotions and memory
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Neurotransmitters Affect Emotions and Memory
Dopamine—reuptake affected by cocaine, which blocks dopamine synapse
Depletion following cocaine use. Nicotine affects dopamine too.
Parkinson’s when too little. Dopamine-boosting drugs for Parkinson’s associated with mania and gambling behavior.
Excess of dopamine associated with schizophrenia.
Serotonin: influenced by alcohol, involved in sleep. Decreased levels linked to depression, anxiety, impulsiveness suicide.
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Depletion Following Cocaine Use. The right scan is taken from someone who is on cocaine. The loss of red areas in the right scan compared to the left (normal) scan indicates that the brain is using less glucose and therefore is less active. This reduction in activity results in disruption of many brain functions.
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Memory and Craving
Addict never gets original high—brain has changed. Addiction is a brain disease.
Cues can trigger memory…picture of alcoholic beverages activates certain areas of the brain.
Prozac reduces craving by regulating serotonin levels.
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Cocaine in the Brain
Slides are from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (www.nida.nih.gov)
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Gambling and the Brain Persons with gambling disorders may have abnormal levels of dopamine and serotonin. Lack of control may result. Highs enhanced when rewards uncertain. Near misses especially thrilling.
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The Role of Genes
Study of mental hospitals, prisons, 50% who used chemical substances had mental disorders.
Cloninger—Sweden..259 male adoptees with alcoholic fathers
Type 1: late onset..75% of alcoholics, relates to harm avoidance, anxiety, guilt
Type 2: risk taker, (starts about age 11) male, hyperactive, antisocial, hereditary
Ondansetron: works on serotonin, little effect on type 1
Twins: 40-60% concurrence of alcoholism. Separated at birth monkeys drank more under stress, people with low dopamine like stimulants
People with ADHD risk for drug abuse.
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Medical Consequences
Wernicke Korsakoff:
Cases reported of Dr. Oliver Sachs
Peripheral neuropathy related to lack of Vitamin B
Confabulation….Dr. Sachs—Awakenings
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Medical Consequences continued Liver damage…removes toxins from blood, bile circulates in blood stream Yellow skin tone, cirrhosis, immune system breakdown. Heart – nicotine, cocaine Fetal alcohol syndrome. See photograph in text. Short nose, indistinct groove between nose and mouth, thin upper lip, small head and eyes, learning problems. Role of sperm should be considered as well as mother’s role.
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Interventions Related to Biology
Schick Shadel, Seattle treatment center
Conditioning or aversion therapy—favorite drink plus emetine to induce vomiting.
Use of truth serum on alternate days.
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Changing Brain Chemistry
Brain Lock (Schwartz) cognitive treatment for OCD to “rewire the brain”
Ondansetron—decreases craving
Zyban and smoking; Chantix helps person produce more dopamine.
Nicotine gum; patch.
Naltrexone, approved 1995, not a narcotic unlike methadone.
Blocks receptors for getting high.
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Synthetic Prescription Drugs
Methadone (synthetic form of heroin);
Methadone maintenance
Heroin maintenance in Britain, Switzerland, Vancouver.
Buprenorphine can be prescribed by GPs, reduces likelihood of overdose
Eating disorders and dopamine
Bulimics—related to depression
Anorexia—anxiety
Luvox, Prozac, and Paxil decrease binges.
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Holistic Treatments
Herbal remedies
St. John’s wort
Hypnosis
Acupuncture from China
Massage therapy
Physical exercise to reduce tension
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