Biology discussions (2) - due in 16 hours
combs
BiologyforNonMajors_01.pptxBiology I for Non-Majors
Module 1: Introduction to Biology
Cover Image: "DNA Strands." Authored by: qimono. Located at: https://pixabay.com/en/dna-string-biology-3d-1811955/. Content Type: CC Licensed Content, Shared Previously. License: CC0: No Rights Reserved.
1
Properties of Life- Order and Sensitivity to Stimuli
Order:
Organisms are highly organized and coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells
Simple, single-celled organisms are complex- atoms, molecules, organelles, etc.
Multicellular organisms- tissues work to create organs
Sensitivity/Response to Stimuli:
Organisms respond to diverse stimuli
Movement toward stimulus is positive, while away is negative
Monarch Butterfly. Authored by: Sid Mosdell. Located at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/sidm/4813666686/. License: CC BY: Attribution
Mimosa pudica. Authored by: Frank Vincentz. Located at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mimosa_pudica_01_ies.jpg. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
2
Properties of Life- Reproduction and Growth, Development, and Regulation
Reproduction
Single-celled organisms reproduce duplicating DNA then dividing it equally as cell divides to two new cells
Multicellular organisms produce germline cells that will form
Genes containing DNA passed to organism’s offspring
Growth Development
Organisms grow/develop following instructions coded for by genes
Genes provide instructions to direct cellular growth
Regulation
Coordinate internal functions, respond to stimuli, and cope with stress
fresh litter. Authored by: Magalie LAbbe. Located at: https://flic.kr/p/9yeYXd. License: CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial
3
Properties of Life- Homeostasis and Energy Processing
Homeostasis
Conditions such as correct temp., pH, concentration of diverse chemicals, etc. change from one moment to next
The ability of organism to maintain constant internal conditions
Energy Processing
All organisms use source of energy for metabolic activities
Organisms capture energy from sun and convert to chemical energy (photosynthesis) or they use chemical energy in molecules they take in as food (cellular respiration)
Polar Bear. Authored by: David. Located at: https://flic.kr/p/4fsyGe. License: CC BY: Attribution
Young California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) ready for flight. Provided by: US Fish and Wildlife Service. Located at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:California-condor.jpg. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
4
Levels of Organization of Living Things
Atom is smallest and most fundamental unit of matter- contains nucleus
Molecule- two or more atoms joined together
Macromolecules- large molecules that are formed by polymerization (DNA)
Organelles- small structures that exist within cells
Cell- smallest fundamental unit of structure and function
Community- sum of populations
Ecosystem- all living things
Prokaryotes- single-celled organisms without membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryotes do have membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
Tissue- groups of similar cells with similar/related functions
Organs- collections of tissues grouped together
Population- individuals of species living within specific area
Biosphere- collection of ecosystems
The Diversity of Life
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes including variety of living organisms, genetic differences, and communities where they occur
1.9 million species alive today divided into six kingdoms
Provides us with our food and many medicines/industrial products
Provides and maintains wide array of ecological “services”- clean air and water, soil, food, and shelter
Biodiversity. Provided by: CK-12. Located at: http://www.ck12.org/biology/Biodiversity/lesson/Biodiversity-BIO/?referrer=featured_content. License: CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial
6
Phylogenetic Trees
Phylogeny- relationship of one organism to others
Provide information on shared ancestry
Phylogenetic tree- diagram used to reflect relationships among organisms
Read like a map of evolutionary history- many trees have single lineage at base (rooted)
Phylogenetic tree. Provided by: NASA Astrobiology Institute. Located at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phylogenetic_tree.svg. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
7
Taxonomy
Science of classifying organisms to construct internationally shared classification systems
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
Scientists refer to organism by genus and species- binomial nomenclature
Name at each level is taxon
Taxonomic hierarchy of the domestic dog. Authored by: Veronica Amaku. Provided by: Houston Community College. Located at: http://www.hccs.edu/. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
8
The Branches of Biology
Molecular/biochemistry study biological processes at molecular and chemical level (DNA/RNA/microorganisms)
Microbiology- study of structure and function of single-celled organisms
Also physiologists, ecologists, geneticists, forensic scientists, and others
Neurobiology- studies biology of nervous system
Paleontology- uses fossils to study life’s history
Development of technology continues- allows biologists to continue to understand history of life
Scientific Inquiry
Curiosity and inquiry are driving forces for development of science- scientists seek to understand world and way it operates
Inductive reasoning- form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at general conclusion
Deductive reasoning- uses general principle or law to forecast specific results
Descriptive science- observe, explore, and discover
Hypothesis-based science- has specific question and potential answer
Title: Projects that test a hypothesis. Authored by: SciJinks. Located at: https://scijinks.gov/weather-science-fair/. License: CC-BY
10
Hypothesis Testing
Scientific method- set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry
Begins with observation that leads to a question
Hypothesis- suggested explanation that can be tested
After hypothesis, prediction can be made
Must be testable to ensure it is valid
Should also be falsifiable- can be disproven through experiment
Concepts of Biology. Provided by: OpenStax CNX. Located at: http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]
11
Basic and Applied Science
Basic science- seeks to expand knowledge regardless of short-term application of that knowledge
Not focused on developing product or service- knowledge for knowledge’s sake is main purpose
Applied science- aims to use science to solve real-world problems
Some believe it is useful
Work together to solve practical problems- after discovery of DNA
Another link is Human Genome Project
Image. Provided By: the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright
12
Reporting Scientific Work
Scientists must share findings for other researchers to expand upon
Communication and collaboration within and between sub disciplines of science are key to advancement
Peer-reviewed articles- specific papers that are reviewed by a scientist’s colleagues, or peers
Many journals and press don’t use peer-review system
Results of any studies published without peer review are not reliable and shouldn’t form basis for other work
Title: Explainer: what is peer review? Authored by: Andre Spicer and Thomas Roulet. Located at: http://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-peer-review-27797. License: CC-BY
13
Summary: The Process of Science
Identify the shared characteristics of the natural sciences
Understand the process of scientific inquiry
Compare inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning
Describe the goals of basic science and applied science
Biology is the science that studies living organisms and their interactions
Hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation
Scientific Theory- well-tested explanation for set of observations
Scientific Law- description of the behavior of an aspect of nature
Summary of science- main goal is to expand knowledge without any expectation of short-term
Quick Review
What are the properties of life?
Can you correctly order the levels of organization of living things?
Please explain the diversity of life
What is the purpose of phylogenetic trees?
Are you able to explain how relationships are indicated by the binomial naming system?
What are the main branches of biology?
Can you identify the shared circumstances of the natural sciences?
Do you understand the process of scientific inquiry?
Are you able to compare inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning?
What are the goals of basic science and applied science?
