Biology Flashcards

Abiotic Factors - physiscal & chemical factors in the environment that are nonliving; determines the types of plants & animals that will establish themselves and thrive

Active Transport - cell uses energy to move individual molecules across cell membrane for balance

Amphibians - delicate and permeable skin; oviparous; start out with gills, then have lungs as adults

Anaphase - third phase of mitosis; 1/2 of chromosomes goes one way and the other way

Angiosperms - plants that have flowers

Animal Kingdom - all multi-celled organisms; NO CHLOROPHYLL; feeds on existing organic material; most complex tissues & can move about; eukaryotic; NO CELL WALL; has exoskeleton or shell; doesn't create their own food

Apical Meristem - shoot that helps the plant increase in length

Arthropods - joint-footed animals; have exoskeletons; molt; several jointed walking legs; nervous system; they metemorph; open circulatory system; SPIDERS, CENTIPEDES

Autotrophic - makes its own food

Autotrophs - produce their own food

Bacteria - enter through break of skin; contaminated food/water; inhalation; reproduces rapidly; produces toxins that kill host tissues; BUBONIC PLAGUE

Bad bacteria - killed by the penicillin developed from a fungus

Biochemistry - the study of substances and processes occurring in living things; diseases and drugs to cure them

Biophysics - Applies the laws of physics to explain the phenomena of biology

Biotic Factors - living components of the environment that affect the ecology of an area; predator/prey, producer/consumer

Botany - study of PLANTS

Carbohydrates - compounds made of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

Carbon - element found in all living things

Cell - basic organizational unit of all living things; unique to each organism; helps organisms grow & survive

Cellulose - makes up cells and tissues of plants; most common organic materials

Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain and spinal cord

Chelonia - members have shells; live in climates that are warm enough; found near water or on land; TURTLES, TORTOISES

Chlorophyll - responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis; the energy breaks down water into hydrogen & oxygen to form ATP molecules

Chloroplasts - makes plants green; food producers of a plant cell; has 2 membranes that contain and protect inner parts; have chlorophyll, DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

Chromatin - Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Chromosomes - structures inside the nucleus of a cell made up primarily of DNA and proteins; carry genes; humans= 46 chromosomes

Circulatory System - provides fresh oxygen through blood; oxygen carried by this system

Conifers - trees that thrive in northern latitudes & have cones; PINE, CEDAR;EVERGREENS; very tall and strong

Consumers - eats plants(herbivores), eats herbivores(carnivores), eats both (omnivores)

Cotyledons - seed leaf or food package for the developing plant

Crocodilia - can grow large; alligators & crocodiles; found near water

Cycads - sturdy plants with big, waxy fronds that make them look like ferns or palms; survive in harsh conditions

Cytology - study of CELLS

Decomposer - eats dead things and returns nutrients to soil

Dicot - seeds w/ 2 cotyledons; everyday flowers w/ 4-5 petals and extremely complex leaves w/ veins; ROSES, SUNFLOWERS

Digestive System - mouth & pharynx used to swallow food/drink; breathe

Earth's Life-Sustaining System - water(gas, solid, liquid) carbon(basis of life) greenhouse effect atmosphee & electromagnetic field(protect from harmful radiation) earth's relationship to sun & moon water + carbon + nutrients(sustenance for life)

Ecology - relationship of living organisms to their environments

Emphysema - smoking tobacco; destroys tissue in lungs

Endoskeleton - inside the body; made up of bones; supports body, provides framework; protects inner organs

Energy - flows in one direction- from the sun, through photosynthetic organisms, algae, then herbivores, carnivores and decomposers.

Ethology - study of ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

Eukaryotic cells - have nucleus; controls eating, movement, reproduction

FIsh - most primitive; group from which all other groups evolved; breathe with gills, cold-blooded; fins and scales; oviparous

Flowers - attract organisms that can help pollinate the plant & distribute seeds; some also produce fruit

Food chain - series of events that happens when one organism consumes another to survive

Freshwater Invertebrate - lives in lakes and rivers; WORMS AT BOTTOM OF WATER

Fungi - feeds on healthy tissues; sends rootlike tendrils into tissues; RINGWORM

Fungi Kingdom - no chlorophyll; doesn't make their own food; reproduces asexually or sexually; made up of filaments; MUSHROOMS; eukaryotic; HAS CELL WALL

Genes - hereditary units of material that are transmitted from one generation to the next; undergo mutations; recombined w/ other genes; determine the nature of an organism(shape, size, color); come in pairs

Genetics - heredity as it relates to the transmission of genes

Genetics - how characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another; Gregor Mendel

Genotype - genetic makeup of an organism/individual; determines hair color

Good bacteria - helps plants absorb nitrogen needed for growth

Gregor Mendel - father of genetics; discovered the 3 laws of heredity that explain how genetics work(law of segregation, law of independent assortment, law of dominance)

Gymnosperms - plants w/ vascular systems and seeds but NO FLOWERS

Hershey-Chase Experiment(1952) - Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase; showed that DNA is the genetic material that transfers info for inheritance; used a virus that infects bacteria to infect E-Coli

Heterotrophic - eats other things

Heterotrophs - organisms that cannot make their own food

Histology - study of TISSUES OF PLANTS AND CELLS

Hunters(Predators) - carnivorous; territorial; equipped to capture; use minimum amt. of energy for each capture; never kill more than they can eat

Interphase - normal state of the cell; resting stage between divisions

Invertebrates - animals with no internal skeletons

Leaves - site for photosynthesis; connected to the rest of the plant by a vascular system

Lipids - insoluble in water; 3 types: fat, phospholipids, estrogen

Locomotion - moving from one place to place in the environment

Mammals - highly evolved vertebrates; fur; warm-blooded; viviparous-give birth to live young; four- legged; live on ground, water, or fly

Marine Invertebrate - lives in oceans and seas; JELLYFISH; OCTOPUS

Marsupials - give birth to live young; babies mature in pouches; KANGAROOS

Membrane - composed of phospholipids

Metaphase - second phase of mitosis; different pieces align themselves for split; DNA lines up; centrioles send out tubules to connect to centromere

Microbes - smallest,simplest and most abundant organisms; can be harmful or helpful; microscope required to see; BACTERIA/FUNGI; can eat other things or make their own food

Mitochondria - Powerhouse of the cell; takes in nutrients, breaks them down, creates energy; found in all eukaryotic cells; found in cytoplasm of cell; PRODUCES ATP

Mitosis - duplication of a cell and all of its parts; has a life cycle of 5 phases

Mold - zygote fungi that reproduces w/ a stalk, but releases zygospheres

Moneran Kingdom - prokaryotes; just 1 chromosome; reproduces asexually; has flagella; either BACTERIA or blue-green algae

Monocots - simple flowering plants; GRASSES; have 3 petals on their flowers; their leaves are long strands

Monotremes - lay eggs; first mammals closely related to reptiles; DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS

Mushrooms - fungus that lives as a group of strands underground that decompose leaves

Mutations - random genetic changes; can be beneficial and result in a different organism over time

Natural Selection - mechanism of evolution; Charles Darwin- said evolution is a slow,gradual process

Nervous System - divided into 2 parts; central nervous system & peripheral nervous system; SENSES AND ACTIONS- senses something & acts upon it; interacts w/ every other system in the body

Nuclear Envelope - surrounds nucleus; allows RNA & proteins to pass through

Nucleic Acids - large molecules composed of large number of simpler molecules

Nutrition - obtaining, ingesting, and digesting foods

Organelles - groups of complex molecules that help a cell survive; larger the cell, more organelles it needs to live

Organology - study of TISSUES ORGANIZED INTO ORGANS

Parasites - insect bites; contaminated food/water; TAPEWORMS

Passive transport - does not require energy; OSMISIS

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Phenotype - external manifestation of the genotype; actual color of the hair

Photosynthesis - energy from the sun hits a chloroplast & the chlorophyll uses the energy to combine carbon dioxide & water to make sugar and oxygens

Physiology - study of how ORGANISMS FUNCTION

Placental Mammals - give birth from females' placenta to live young; may be able to walk immediately or need to be carried; dominant form of mammals; WHALES & DOLPHINS, TIGERS

Plant & Animal Cell Differences - Plant is a square, animal is an oval. Plant has chloroplasts. Animal has mitochondria. Plant has a large vacuole and animal doesn't. Plant releases oxygen and animal releases carbon dioxide. Plant is green and animal is clear. Plant has a cell wall and animal has a cell membrane.

Plant & Animal Cell Similarities - eukaryotic; nucleus; reproduction process; cell membranes; cytoplasm; microtubules; vacuoles

Plant Kingdom - all multi-celled organisms; have chlorophyll; make their own food; reproduces asexually or sexually; GREEN ALGAE; cell walls have cellulose and lignin

Prey - herbivores; hide in nests/caves, camoflauge, warning coloration; shells

Producers - plants & vegetables; take energy from the sun; make food for themselves through photosynthesis

Prophase - first phase of mitosis; duplicates everything

Proteins - make up almost 1/2 dry weight of animal bodies; make up muscle fibers

Protist Kingdom - simplest eukaryotes; true nucleus surrounded by membranes that separated from cytoplasm; one-celled, no complex tissues; ALGAE

Regulation - coordinating life activities through nervous & endocrine systems

Reproduction and growth - producing more of one's own kind and growing from birth-adulthood

Reptiles and birds - very hard, horn-like scales; feathers; oviparous; have a cloaca; cold-blooded and warm-bloode

Respiration - breathing; lungs, trachea

Respiratory System - exchanges gases with the environment; nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, 2 lungs; brings oxygen into body & expel carbon dioxide; inhale viruses, bacteria, dangerous chemicals

Root hairs - fuzzy root extensions that help w/ absorption of water & nutrients

Roots - pull water and minerals from soil or water; go deep into the ground to reach water, support and stabilize trees; CARROTS, TURNIPS; classified as primary & lateral

Skeletal System - interacts w/ muscular system to help body move; interacts w/ circulatory system to help produce white & red blood cells

Squamata - have scales; SNAKES, LIZARDS

Starches - insoluble in water; POTATOES, CEREAL

Stems - transport food & water and acts as support structures

Sugars - soluble in water; provides energy

T-2 - small piece of DNA enclosed in a protein coating; DNA contains phosphorus & protein coating contains sulfur

Taxonomy - science of classification

Telophase - fourth phase of mitosis; cell membrane closes & spits cell into 2 pieces

Terrestrial Invertebrates - live on dry ground; INSECTS' breathes through trachea; delivers oxygen into tissues

Transport - circulation of essential materials like nutrients, cells, hormones through veins

Transport Holes - proteins that help certain molecules and ions move in and out of the cell

Vertebrates - animals with internal skeletons

Viruses - airborne; contaminated food, water; infected tissues; takes over cell's protein synthesis mechanism; kills host cells; AIDS

Zoology - study of animals