Biology basic questions

[Type text] Adapted by Louise Millis from Dr. Gordon D. Schrank assignments

Introductory Microbiology

Guidelines for Assignments

A. Answer questions in order and label your papers (files) as to the Assignment and question #. For example:

Put Your Name, then...

Assignment #1

1.

2.

B. Stay on schedule. The purpose of the assignments is to help you prepare for material we are studying.

C. Use the glossary of the text for terms. This material may help clarify the question, answer or both.

D. Sometimes information is found in more than one chapter. For example, information for question #6 (Chapter 13) can

be found both in Chapter 13 and Chapter 15. Use the index and don't hesitate to ask questions about the material.

E. Be sure to back-up your work. Lost files will need to be regenerated.

Expectations As you begin class, I want to be sure you are clear on expectations regarding the assignments.

1. The assignment that you submit should be your work and should be unique from any other submitted. You certainly can

discuss material with others in the class. It is not acceptable for two or more individuals to submit identical files. In

addition, it is not acceptable to use material from another term. Questions are revised each term so please use files

associated with the current term.

2. The text is your primary source of information. It is expected that you will read the material related to questions and

synthesize an answer in your own words. If you feel it is necessary to quote directly from the text include quotation marks

(", ") around the material. I will recognize that it comes from the text and you need not indicate the source. If you are

quoting another source, provide a footnote.

Due dates for assignments can be found on the lecture schedule.

Late Assignments: Late assignments will not be accepted.

Updates: There are a few chapters that still need to be updated, so you will be notified when that has occurred, at a

minimum chapter 11 still needs to be updated.

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Assignment #1 Each question will begin with a reference on where to find the information. For example Chapter 1: Types of

Microorganisms means to go to chapter 1 in your text and look for the heading “Types of Microorganisms”. Read the

material and then answer the question. Please use the numbering format shown for the questions.

1. Chapter 1: Microbes in Our Lives – Provide a definition of microbes and indicate what types of organisms are included in this definition.

2. Chapter 1: Types of Microorganisms – How do algae differ from protozoa? 3. Chapter 1: Types of Microorganisms – Describe fungi, protozoa, and algae 4. Chapter 1: The Golden Age of Microbiology – What is the germ theory of disease? 5. Chapter 2: Protein - Levels of Protein Structure – Describe what we mean by protein structure (primary, secondary,

tertiary, and quaternary structure).

6. Chapter 3: Light Microscopy – What is resolution or resolving power? 7. Chapter 3: Compound Light Microscopy – Indicate how immersion oil improves imaging when using the 100X

objective (See material accompanying Fig. 3.3).

8. Chapter 3: Differential Stains – Describe the acid-fast stain. 9. Chapter 4: Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview – Provide a comparison of these cell types. 10. Chapter 4: Structures External to the Cell Wall – Describe “glycocalyx” and how this material helps bacteria survive.

[Type text] Adapted by Louise Millis from Dr. Gordon D. Schrank assignments

11. Chapter 4: Cell Walls and the Gram Stain Mechanism – Describe why some organisms stain gram positive and others stain gram negative.

12. Chapter 4: Atypical Cell Walls – Describe what is atypical about Mycoplasma. 13. Chapter 4: The Movement of Materials across Membranes – Summarize what we mean by isotonic, hypotonic, and

hypertonic.

14. Chapter 4: Endospores – Describe endospore formation and germination. 15. Chapter 5: Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions – How is ATP important in catabolic and anabolic reactions? 16. Chapter 5: Enzyme Components – Define apoenzyme, cofactor, coenzyme, and holoenzyme. 17. Chapter 5: Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity – Summarize the four major factors influencing enzymatic

activity.

18. Chapter 6: The Requirements for Growth – Physical Requirements – Temperature – Describe the effect of food quantity on cooling of the food in a refrigerator.

19. Chapter 6: Oxygen – Describe why oxygen can be toxic to bacteria (include singlet oxygen, superoxide free radicals, etc.).

20. Chapter 6: Selective and Differential Media – Indicate why a particular medium would be considered a differential medium.

21. Chapter 8: Structure and Function of the Genetic Material – Describe genotype and phenotype and genomics. 22. Chapter 8: Transformation in Bacteria – Describe how genes are transferred by this process. 23. Chapter 8: Conjugation in Bacteria – Describe how genes are transferred by this process. 24. Chapter 9: Introduction to Biotechnology – What is recombinant biotechnology? 25. Chapter 10: The Three Domains – Describe the Domain Archaea.

Assignment #2

1. Chapter 11: Bacteria vs. Archaea – Describe how they are the same and also different. 2. Chapter 11: Obligate intracellular parasites - Define what this means. 3. Chapter 11: Flagella: Describe polar vs. peritrichous flagella. 4. Chapter 12: Characteristics of Fungi – Asexual Spores – Describe the type of asexual spores produced by fungi. 5. Chapter 12: Characteristics of Fungi – Life Cycle – What types of spores are produced by fungi? 6. Chapter 12: Nutritional Adaptations – Summarize the nutritional adaptations of fungi. 7. Chapter 12: Fungal Diseases – Describe the different types of mycoses. 8. Chapter 12: Economic Effects of Fungi – Summarize the economic effects of fungi. 9. Chapter 12: Apicomplexa – Describe the life cycle of malaria. 10. Chapter 12: Cestodes – Describe the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus. 11. Chapter 12: Nematodes – Describe the pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) life cycle in humans. 12. Chapter 13: General Characteristics of Viruses – Describe the four major characteristics of viruses. 13. Chapter 13: General Morphology – Describe the major morphological types of viruses. 14. Chapter 13: Isolation, Cultivation, and Identification of Viruses – Indicate how animal viruses can be grown in the

laboratory.

15. Chapter 13: Persistent Viral Infections – Differentiate persistent and latent viral infections. 16. Chapter 13: Prions – Describe how proteins “replicate” in a host. 17. Chapter 14: Normal Microbiota – Differentiate normal and transient microbiota. 18. Chapter 14: Occurrence of a Disease – Describe how the terms incidence and prevalence are used in infectious

disease.

19. Chapter 14: The Spread of Infection – Contrast human, animals, and non-living reservoirs. 20. Chapter 14: Vectors – Differentiate between mechanical transmission and biological transmission. 21. Chapter 15: Numbers of Invading Microbes – How does the number of invading microbes influence the possibility of

infectious disease?

22. Chapter 15: Adherence – Describe the importance of biofilms in disease production. 23. Chapter 15 – Direct Damage – Compare the action of exotoxins and endotoxins. 24. Chapter 15 – Endotoxins (Fig. 15.6) – Describe how endotoxins induce the pyrogenic (fever) response.

[Type text] Adapted by Louise Millis from Dr. Gordon D. Schrank assignments

25. 22 Chapter 16: The Concept of Immunity (See Fig. 16.1) – Differentiate between the first, second, and third line of host defense.

26. Chapter 16: Physical Factors (Mechanical Factors – 8th Edition) – Summarize the major physical factors of host defense in humans.

27. Chapter 16: Actions of Phagocytic Cells – Describe where phagocytic cells are found and how they contribute to host defenses.

28. Chapter 16: Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis – Describe how microbes evade phagocytosis. 29. Chapter 16: The Complement System – Describe major outcomes of activation of complement. 30. Chapter 16: Interferons – Describe the role of interferons in host protection. 31. Chapter 17: Antigens and Antibodies – Describe the difference between antigens and haptens. 32. Chapter 17: Table 17.1 – Summarize the known functions of the major immunoglobulin classes. 33. Chapter 17: Antigen-Antibody Binding and Its Results (Fig. 17.7; Fig. 17.9 – 8th Edition) – Summarize the results of

antigen-antibody binding.

34. Chapter 17: T Cells and Cellular Immunity – Describe how differentiation of T cells and B cells occurs. 35. Chapter 17: Classes of T Cells (Types of T Cells – 8th Edition) – Differentiate between helper T, cytotoxic T, and

regulatory (suppressor) T cells and define apoptosis.

36. Chapter 17: Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) (Cellular Components of Immunity – 8th Edition) – Describe the role of dendritic cells and activated macrophages in host defenses.

37. Chapter 17: Types of Adaptive Immunity (Types of Acquired Immunity – 8th Edition) – Differentiate between active and passive forms of naturally acquired and artificially acquired immunity.

38. Chapter 18: Principles and Effects of Vaccination – Why does vaccination work? 39. Chapter 18: Types of Vaccines and Their Characteristics – Describe the meaning of attenuated, inactivated, toxoid,

subunit, and conjugated vaccines.

40. Chapter 19: Hypersensitivity – Provide an overview of the four types of hypersensitivity reactions. 41. Chapter 19: Reactions Related to the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Complex – Describe the role of the HLA

complex in disease susceptibility and tissue transplants.

42. Chapter 19: Immunosuppression – Describe how rejection of transplants is prevented. 43. 4 Chapter 19: Immunotherapy for Cancer – Summarize how immunotherapy might be used to treat cancer. 44. Chapter 19: Survival and HIV Infection (Survival with HIV Infection – 8th Edition) – Indicate what factors play a

role in survival with HIV infection.

Assignment #3

1. 21. Chapter 7: The Rate of Microbial Death – Describe the four factors which influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment.

2. 22. Chapter 7: Moist Heat – Describe why sterilization indicators are important. 3. 23. Chapter 7: Alcohols – Explain why 70% or 80% alcohol is more effective than 100% in controlling

microorganisms.

4. 24. Chapter 7: Microbial Characteristics of Microbial Control – Explain why prions, endospores, and mycobacteria are more resistant to control mechanisms.

5. Chapter 20: The Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity – Define spectrum of activity, broad-spectrum antibiotic, and superinfection.

6. Chapter 20: Tetracyclines – Describe this group of drugs. 7. Chapter 20: Antifungal Drugs – Agents Affecting Fungal Cell Walls – Describe how selective toxicity may be

achieved with these drugs.

8. Chapter 20: Tests to Guide Chemotherapy – Provide a summary of diffusion methods for drug testing. 9. Chapter 21: Bacterial Diseases of the Skin - Streptococcal Skin Infections – Describe the types of skin infections

associated with Streptoococci.

10. Chapter 21: Infections by Pseudomonads – Summarize the types of infection associated with this group. 11. Chapter 21: Parasitic Infestation of the Skin – Describe scabies and pediculosis. 12. Chapter 21: Trachoma – Describe the organism and the disease.

[Type text] Adapted by Louise Millis from Dr. Gordon D. Schrank assignments

13. Chapter 22: Neisseria meningitis Meningitis – Describe disease associated with this organism and indicate the primary age group affected.

14. Chapter 22: Listeriosis – Describe disease associated with this organism and the primary type of individuals affected. 15. 16: Chapter 22: Leprosy – Describe the forms of leprosy (tuberculoid and lepromatous). 16. Chapter 22: Amebic Meningoencephalitis (Naegleria Meningoencephalitis – 8th Edition) – Describe brain infection

with Naegleria.

17. Chapter 22: Nervous System Diseases Caused by Prions – Indicate how Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can be considered both a genetic and infectious disease.

18. Chapter 23: Sepsis and Septic Shock – Summarize what is occurring in these conditions. 19. Chapter 23: Rheumatic Fever – Describe how bacterial disease can lead to rheumatic fever. 20. Chapter 23: Anthrax – Describe the different forms of anthrax. 21. Chapter 23: Lyme Disease (Lyme Borreliosis) – Describe the history of this disease starting in 1975. 22. 23: Chapter 23: Vector-Transmitted Disease – Describe the vector, etiology, and symptoms of plague. 23. Chapter 24: The Common Cold – Describe possible transfer methods for cold viruses. 24. Chapter 24: Treatment of Tuberculosis – Describe the treatment of tuberculosis. 25. Chapter 24: Epidemiology of Influenza – Describe how annual variation in the organism (shift and drift) contributes

to the epidemiology of the disease.

26. Chapter 25: Periodontal Disease – Describe the various forms of periodontal disease. 27. Chapter 25: Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System – Provide definitions for gastrointestinal infection,

intoxication, dysentery, and gastroenteritis.

28. Chapter 25: Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis – Describe the different types of E. coli gastroenteritis (enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, and enterohemorrhagic).

29. Chapter 25: Hepatitis – Describe hepatitis A, B, and C. 30. Chapter 25: Giardiasis – Describe this disease condition. 31. Chapter 25: Cryptosporidiosis – Describe why this organism is more difficult to control in water supplies. 32. Chapter 26: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – Describe what occurs with this condition. 33. Chapter 26: Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) AND Chancroid (Soft Chancre) – Describe the cause and

symptoms of these two sexually transmitted diseases.

34. Chapter 26: Genital Herpes - What are the possible consequences of neonatal herpes?