cardiovascular system calculation
islamiyyahlasisi
BIO227Exam2C-CardiovascularSystemCalculationsandWiggerDiagramInterpretationandAnalysis2.docxGRADE: __________/100 = __________%
BIO227 Human Structure and Function II Exam 2C: Cardiovascular System Calculations and Wiggers Diagram Interpretation and Analysis
Answer each question carefully and thoroug hly. Show all work for calculations and include units in all answers.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
A
I
A
A
K
A
A
L*
A
O
A
M
N*
A
Q
A
W
A
V
A
S*
A
A
U*
A
R
A
A
CC
A
BB*
A
A
X
A
Y
A
Z
A
AA
A
1 2 3
A
4
A
5
A
6
A
7
A
8
A
9
A
10
A
H* EKG segment and clinical significance
J* EKG segment and clinical significance
L* EKG wave found here and clinical significance
N* This point represents what factor impacting SV?
P* Name wave and its significance
S* Name wave and its significance
T* Name wave and its significance
U* Name wave and its significance
BB* This value represents which factor impacting SV?
P*
A
T*
A
H*
A
J*
A
EE*
A
FF*
A
GG*
A
EE* Systole or diastole in ventricles? In atria?
FF* Systole or diastole in ventricles? In atria?
GG* Systole or diastole in ventricles? In atria? significance
DD
A
A
185
140
95
75
50
25
0
160
130
100
4
0
30
20
10
0
A. Label Wiggers diagram below showing events of cardiac cycle. Answer sheet is attached. [30 POINTS]
S
A
Draw a Pressure-Volume Loop using Wiggers Diagram above for left ventricle of heart. Determine values needed to draw graph from Wiggers Diagram above. Label all necessary components as well as axes on graph below. [10 POINTS]
Calculate stroke volume (SV) using the information from Wiggers diagram. [2 POINTS]
Calculate cardiac output (CO) assuming a heart rate of 86 BPM. [2 POINTS]
Calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP) using information from Wiggers diagram. [3 POINTS]
Calculate total peripheral resistance (TPR) using the above answers. [2 POINTS]
Calculate stroke work (SW) and cardiac work (CW) using the above answers. Which of these values is most clinically useful? Why? What exactly does cardiac work tell us about heart function? [5 POINTS]
Ventricular compliance refers to relationship between volume and pressure as shown: C = △ V/△ P. (a) Derive an equation that can be used to calculate left ventricular wall compliance during one cardiac cycle—from start of ventricular systole through end of ventricular diastole. [2 POINTS] (b) Then, use the equation that you derived to determine left ventricular wall compliance using information from the Wiggers diagram. [2 POINTS]
Assuming compliance you calculated is considered normal, how would compliance compare in a patient with an S3 heart sound? An S4 heart sound? What type of heart failure is each heart sound associated with? [4 POINTS]
Calculate the ejection fraction (EF) using information from the Wiggers diagram. Is this ejection fraction normal? Why or why not? What type of heart failure would be likely in this patient based on his ejection fraction? [4 POINTS]
What is shock? Briefly describe TWO (2) examples of shock, what causes each, and how they might clinically manifest. [5 POINTS]
What is the effect of exercise on the heart and blood vessels? [3 POINTS]
Describe the following factors that affect stroke volume: preload, afterload, and contractility. Describe the interdependent effects of each on stroke volume and overall cardiac function as depicted on your pressure-volume loop. You can illustrate using graphs or describe in words. [6 POINTS]
A. Shown on Wiggers diagram are the main components of a standard EKG tracing. [14 POINTS]
What intrinsic cardiac conduction system structure(s) is/are associated with the specific EKG waves, segments, or intervals below? Be specific.
At which intrinsic cardiac conduction system structure does the electrical impulse get slowed down significantly? Why does it get slowed down? What is the significance of this? Explain.
Describe what is happening electrically in the heart during each wave, segment, or interval found on an EKG tracing listed below.
P wave:
PR interval:
QRS Complex:
ST segment:
T wave:
U wave:
What electrolyte abnormality is associated with a U wave? [1 POINT] ___________________________
What ion(s) (Na+, Ca2+, and K+) is associated with each segment shown in the figure below? [5 POINTS]
Phase 0: ________ Phase 1: ________ Phase 2: ________ Phase 3: ________
Phase 4: ________
ANSWER SHEET FOR WIGGERS DIAGRAM LABELING
A ____________________________________________________________________________
B ____________________________________________________________________________
C ____________________________________________________________________________
D ____________________________________________________________________________
E ____________________________________________________________________________
F ____________________________________________________________________________
G ____________________________________________________________________________
H ____________________________________________________________________________
I _____________________________________________________________________________
J _____________________________________________________________________________
K ____________________________________________________________________________
L ____________________________________________________________________________
M ___________________________________________________________________________
N ____________________________________________________________________________
O ____________________________________________________________________________
P ____________________________________________________________________________
Q ____________________________________________________________________________
R ____________________________________________________________________________
S ____________________________________________________________________________
T ____________________________________________________________________________
U ____________________________________________________________________________
V ____________________________________________________________________________
W ____________________________________________________________________________
X _____________________________________________________________________________
Y _____________________________________________________________________________
Z _____________________________________________________________________________
AA ____________________________________________________________________________
BB ____________________________________________________________________________
CC ____________________________________________________________________________
DD ____________________________________________________________________________
EE ____________________________________________________________________________
FF ____________________________________________________________________________
GG ____________________________________________________________________________
1 _____________________________________________________________________________
2 _____________________________________________________________________________
3 _____________________________________________________________________________
4 _____________________________________________________________________________
5 _____________________________________________________________________________
6 _____________________________________________________________________________
7 _____________________________________________________________________________
8 _____________________________________________________________________________
9 _____________________________________________________________________________
10 _____________________________________________________________________________
