Human Anatomy & Philosophy Quiz & Test Takers
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BIO2050LabonMuscles-Fall20191.pptx© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscle Tissue
Highly vascularized
Responsible for most types of movement
Three types
Skeletal muscle tissue
Found in skeletal muscle
Voluntary
Cardiac muscle tissue
Found in walls of heart
Involuntary
Smooth muscle tissue
Mainly in walls of hollow organs other than heart
Involuntary
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Skeletal muscle
Description: Long, cylindrical,
multinucleate cells; obvious
striations.
Function: Voluntary movement;
locomotion; manipulation of the
environment; facial expression;
voluntary control.
Location: In skeletal muscles
attached to bones or occasionally
to skin.
Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle
(approx. 440x). Notice the obvious banding
pattern and the fact that these large cells are
multinucleate.
Striations
Nuclei
Part of
muscle
fiber (cell)
Figure 4.9a Muscle tissues.
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Location: Skeleton
Function:
Features
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Cardiac muscle
Description: Branching, striated,
generally uninucleate cells that
interdigitate at specialized
junctions (intercalated discs).
Function: As it contracts, it
propels blood into the circulation;
involuntary control.
Location: The walls of the heart.
Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (900x);
notice the striations, branching of cells, and
the intercalated discs.
Striations
Nucleus
Intercalated
discs
Figure 4.9b Muscle tissues.
Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle
Location: Heart
Function:
Features
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Smooth muscle
Description: Spindle-shaped
cells with central nuclei; no
striations; cells arranged closely
to form sheets.
Function: Propels substances or
objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby)
along internal passageways;
involuntary control.
Location: Mostly in the walls of
hollow organs.
Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth
muscle (720x).
Smooth
muscle
cell
Nuclei
Figure 4.9c Muscle tissues.
Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle
Location: Organs and blood vessels
Function:
Features
Neuromuscular Junction
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION STRUCTURES
AXON TERMINAL
End of axon that
contacts the muscle cell
SYNAPTIC
END BULBS
Feet on the end
of the axon terminal
SYNAPTIC VESICLES
Inside end bulbs
Filled with
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Muscle- Terms
Skeletal muscles
Shorten & pull on the bones they are attached to
Muscle Attachment Sites:
Origin
Insertion
Origin & Insertion
Origin
Fixed point where muscles attach to a bone (normally proximal)
Insertion
Moveable point where muscles attach to bone (normally distal)
In some muscles, both attachment points can function as either the origin or insertion
Depends on which end is stabilized by other muscles
Types of Movement
Prime mover (agonist):
Main muscle responsible for a particular movement
What muscle is the prime mover when you flex your arm?
Antagonist:
Works in opposition to prime mover
Relaxes when prime mover contracts
What muscle is an antagonist to the biceps?
Synergist:
Assists prime mover in producing a movement
Types of Movement
Flexion
Makes angle between bones smaller
Extension
Makes angle between two bones larger
Hyperextension
Extension of joint past straight position
Types of Movement
Protraction
Forward movement of jaw or mandible
Retraction
Posterior movement of jaw or mandible
Elevation
Movement upward
Depression
Movement downward
Types of Movement
Abduction
Movement away from midline
Adduction
Movement towards the midline
Rotation
Movement around an axis
Circumduction
Circular movement of a structure where the proximal end remains fixed
Types of Movement
Supination
Palm up or anterior
Pronation
Palm down or posterior
Dorsiflexion
Top of the foot is elevated, toes point upward
Plantar flexion
Bottom of the foot is downward, toes point downward
Muscles that Move the Mandible
Temporalis
O: Temporal bone
I: Coronoid process
What does this muscle do?
Masseter
O: Zygomatic bone& maxilla
I: Mandible ramus
What does this muscle do?
Are these muscles synergists or antagonists?
Muscles of Facial Expression
Orbicularis oris
Closes and puckers lips (kissing)
Orbicularis oculi
Closes eyelid
Epicranius
Muscles of Facial Expression
Zygomaticus minor
Raises upper lip
Zygomaticus major
Draws angle of mouth up (smiling)
Zygomaticus minor
Zygomaticus major
Activity
Locate the mandible and facial muscles on your models.
Remember to use the WOODEN POINTERS when touching the models, NOT PENS.
Muscles of the Neck
Platysma
O: Deltoid fascia, pectoralis major
I: Mandible, muscles of mouth
Depresses mandible, pulls lower lip down
Muscles of the Neck
Sternocleidomastoid
O: Sternum & clavicle
I: Mastoid process
Flexes and rotates head
Muscles of the Neck
Splenius capitis
O: Thoracic and cervical vertebra
I: Occipital bone
Extends, laterally flexes and rotates head
Six muscles that insert on the exterior surface of the eyeball
Four rectus muscles
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
Two oblique muscles
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
Extrinsic Muscles
Rectus muscles
Superior rectus
Eyeball movements
Superior
Inferior rectus
Eyeball movements
Inferior
Extrinsic Muscles
Superior rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Extrinsic Muscles
Rectus muscles
Lateral rectus
Eyeball movements
Lateral
Medial rectus
Eyeball movements
Medial
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
Medial rectus
Two oblique muscles
Superior
Eyeball movements
Inferior, lateral, and medial
Inferior
Eyeball movements
Superior, lateral, and medial
Extrinsic Muscles
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
Superior oblique
Activity
Locate the muscles of the neck on your models.
Remember to use the WOODEN POINTERS when touching the models, NOT PENS.
Muscles that move the Neck and Scapula
Trapezius
O or I: Occipital bone and cervical & thoracic vertebrae
I or O: Scapula & clavicle
Elevates and adducts scapula
Extends neck
Muscles that Move Upper Arm
Latissimus dorsi
O: Thoracic & lumbar vertebrae
I: Humerus
Adducts and extends arm
Muscles that Move Upper Arm
Deltoid
O: Clavicle & scapula
I: Humerus
Abducts the arm
Pectoralis major
O: Clavicle, sternum & ribs
I: Humerus
Adducts, flexes, the arm
Anterior Deep Thoracic Muscles
Pectoralis minor
O :3.4,5 ribs
I or O: Coracoid process of scapula
Elevates ribs
Abducts and rotates Scapula
Serratus anterior
O or I: Scapula
I or O: Ribs
Stabilizes & abducts scapula
Activity
Locate the muscles of the thorax and arms on your models.
Remember to use the WOODEN POINTERS when touching the models, NOT PENS.
Muscles that Move Arm
Biceps brachii
O: Coracoid process of Scapula & Edge of glenoid cavity, I: Radius
Flexes the forearm
Brachialis
O: Humerus, I: Ulna
Flexes forearm
How are these muscles related to each other?
Muscles that Move Arm
Brachioradialis
O: Distal humerus, I: Styloid process of the radius
Flexes the forearm
Triceps Brachii
O: Scapula, Humerus, I: Ulna
Long head
Lateral head
Medial head
Extends the forearm
Muscles that Move the Arm
Flexor Group
O (FCR): Medial epicondyle of Humerus
I(FCR): 2nd & 3rd Metacarpals
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexes and adducts hand
Flexor carpi Radialis(FCR)
Flexes and abducts hand
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Repetitive motions cause inflammation and pressure on median nerve
Extensor Group
O: Humerus
I: Metacarpals and phalanges
Extensor Carpi radialis longus.
Extends hand and fingers & abduct the hands
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extends and adducts hand
Activity
Locate the muscles of the arm on your models.
Remember to use the WOODEN POINTERS when touching the models, NOT PENS.
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Rectus abdominus
O: Pubic crest, Pubic symphysis
I: 5th -7th ribs, xipyhoid process
Compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral column
Rectus Sheath and Linea alba
External oblique
O: Inferior 8 ribs
I: Iliac crest, Linea alba
Compresses abdomen, flexes and rotates vertebral column
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Internal oblique
O: Iliac crest, I: last 3 or 4 ribs
Same as external oblique
Transversus abdominis
O: Iliac crest, I: 12th rib, Lumbar vertebrae
Compresses abdomen
Activity
Locate the Muscles of the Abdomen on your models.
Remember to use the WOODEN POINTERS when touching the models, NOT PENS.
Muscles that Move the Thigh
Adductor longus
O: Pubis, I: Femur
Adducts and flexes, rotates thigh
Adductor magnus
O: Pubis, ischial tuberosity, I: Femur
Adducts and flexes, extends rotates thigh
Muscles that Move the Thigh
Gluteus maximus
O: Ilium, sacrum, I: Femur
Extends the thigh
Gluteus medius
O: Ilium(lateral surface) I: Greater trochanter of femur
Abducts the thigh
Muscles that Move the Thigh
Iliopsoas (2 parts)
Iliacus + Psoas major
O: Lumbar vertebrae, Ilium
I: Lesser trochanter of Femur
Flex the thigh
Tensor faciae latae
O: Ilium
I: Tibia
Flexes and abducts thigh
Muscles that Move the Leg
Sartorius
O: Ilium, I: Tibia
Flexes knee laterally rotates thigh
Muscles that Move the Leg
Quadraceps femoris:
Rectus femoris
O: Iliac spine
I: Patella
Extends knee.
Vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius
O: Femur
I: Tibia, patella
Extends knee
Muscles that Move the Leg
Hamstring muscles:
Semimembranosus (medial)
Semitendinosus (medial)
Biceps femoris (lateral)
O(BF): Ischial tuberosity.linea aspera of femur.
I: Fibula & Tibia
Flex knee .
Activity
Locate the Muscles of the leg on your models.
Remember to use the WOODEN POINTERS when touching the models, NOT PENS.
Muscles that Move the Foot
Tibialis anterior
O- Tibia, I-Cuneforms & Metatarsals
Dorsiflexes foot
Muscles of the Calf
Gastrocnemius
O: Medial and lateral condyl of femur
I: Calcaneus
Planter flexes foot.
Soleus
O: Fibula & Tibia
I: Calcaneus
Planter flexes foot
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Point of attachment for to calcaneus for soleus and gastrocnemius
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Tendons & Fascia
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Rectus Sheath
Linea alba
Inferior and Lateral View
Gastrocnemius
Activity
Locate the Muscles of the Foot on your models.
Remember to use the WOODEN POINTERS when touching the models, NOT PENS.
