research paper

Running head DEBTS ON HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS IN AMERICA

DEBTS IN HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS IN AMERICA2

Jasmin Wall

Annotated Bibliography

American Studies

In America, almost a third of working personnel have medical debts in their health facilities and some of them owe more than $10000 on their bills. Even though they have insurance covers on their medication, their deductibles are rising and people are spending more on their health care making some residents avoid going to hospitals and getting medical care due to their outstanding arrears. An increase in health expenses has been caused by an increase in insurance costs which have grown by about 740% since 1984. This increase in premiums has outpaced citizens 'wages causing a lot of suffering to the beneficiaries of health care. The economic trend in America is declining to cause threats to work for families in the United States of America. These threats include a rise in gas and food and a decline of home values which results in a rise in healthcare costs which surpasses income growth and fewer people have inadequate insurance. As a result, Americans are struggling to pay their medical bills and accruing medical bills.

 Amadeo, K. (2020). The True Cause of Income Inequality in America. Retrieved 22 November 2020, from http://www.thebalance.com/income-inequality-in-america-3306190.

In-text-citation (Amadeo, 2020)

Kimberly explained that income inequality is the disparity in how income is distributed between individuals, groups, organizations, social classes, regions, or countries. Through income generation, people are able to understand the socioeconomic status of people i.e. how to identify upper classes of people, middle classes, and the working classes of individuals. Income inequalities vary by social factors such as sexual identity, gender, age, or ethnicity that leads to wide gaps between the working and upper classes. Income inequality is mainly measured by household income. In the United States, income inequality is improved by investing in education and employment training. Kimberly explained some of the causes of income inequality in the United States such as cheap labor in china, unfair exchange rates, and job delocalization. A tax plan by Donald Trump has caused structural inequalities as it has helped business owners and investors more than salary earners. The United States is experiencing competition from China, India, and Brazil whose workforces are more skilled with their managers becoming more sophisticated in managing their economies. These have caused income inequality. She concluded by stating that, America must accept that global redistribution is occurring and the government should provide the bottom two-fifths an opportunity to access education and training based on employment.

Banegas, M., GUY, G., de. moor, J., Ekwueme, D., Virgo, K., & Kenet, E. et al. (2016). For Working-Age Cancer Survivors, Medical Debt And Bankruptcy Create Financial Hardships | Health Affairs Journal. Retrieved 22 November 2020, from http://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0830.

In-text-citation (Banegas et al., 2016)

The authors explained how cancer has led to financial hardships for both patients and their families in America. Many survivors of cancer have gone into debt as a result of cancer as well as the result of debt incurred. The cost of maintaining cancer patients in America has become a significant social and public health issue. Research that was conducted has shown that 30% of cancer survivors are experiencing financial hardship as the majority rely on employment as the main source of health insurance. Diagnosis and treatment of this disease might prevent patients from working or might lead to disabilities which may limit them from performing their duties which results in financial inadequacy. These patients face challenges as they are unable to pay for their mortgages and other basic necessities.

Wapner, J. (2020). Covid-19: Medical expenses leave many Americans deep in debt. Retrieved 22 November 2020, from https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3097.

In-text-citation (Wapner, 2020)

Jessica Wapner is trying to explain how the covid-19 pandemic has caused many Americans to face financial crises. The pandemic caught people unprepared and the majority didn't have medical covers to cater for them forcing them to spend on their savings for the medical expenses. Jessica explained that testing for covid-19 is very expensive and many people face significant payments upon their tests. She continued explaining that people will have high out of pocket costs for testing done at emergency rooms or any other public facility. People are suffering as their insurance health plan is not covering for negative tests forcing those who test negative to pay cash for the bills. Federal legislation which was founded after the outbreak of the pandemic doesn't deal with treatments hence patients with covid-19 pays for their bills.

Wiltshire, J., Elder, K., Kiefe, C., & Allison, J. (2016). The American Journal of Public Health (AJPH) from the American Public Health Association (APHA) publications. Retrieved 22 November 2020, from https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303137.

In-text-citation (Wiltshire, Elder, Kiefe & Allison, 2016)

In this article, the author is trying to explain how Africans who live in America, and the old Americans have medical debts and other consequences that are related to finances. Its explained that older Americans especially African Americans, incur medical debts because of the need for extra health care from many chronic conditions and limited financial resources to pay out for their bills. African Americans especially the old tend to have poor health and have fewer sources of finances causing accumulation of debts on them. They also experience capital barriers to care from both social and economic factors such as, working from racially segregated areas with low wages which offers no retirement benefits making them avoid medical services and not adhering to medical prescriptions due to the cost.