500+ words essay proposal

Buytig ndSlling the "Gitfiendbxperince|B

of bodif stibues and iargir. and the meiding afforded to sextual

the exchange of sex or money in tie globalted, lttcapicilisc marketplace. My cot- wentiont is thar experiencs sich as those of Amand and her dlenc reflec and rtus

Buying and Seling the Once agely reatricted to hee·to-face interactiont and the smd-scale circulationbirlfriend txDerience" of pornogrphk inag,, seual commerce has grown to indudk a vast and ever-

exqPanding rang of cornmercially vailable product and expriene——feish cubs;The Social and Subjective Contours of Market IntimaC]

drivs-throogh"stipetse venues; sexual"<mporiums2 Feasuringlap and woll dan、

ing sex touritm co developing countres and within global ities and all ariery ofElizabethBernstein sxully explicic teats, videos, and picues, in print and ondlne—-what s purport-

edlya mors than 20-billion-+year industry, and a mainsray of both first amnd hird

camining this erowdh and diverifcarion of gxual comncrc frpm he peraoective In the back room of a discreetly furuished apattment in a quiet San fran-

of che purveyors of seual servioes and their consunert,my ain has been to wrticu-seo neiglhborhood,I msittng on a brown leather sofa cafking witbAmanda,who late a polirical conomy of sexual pracrice and desires. By detaling the relarionship

lhas jut sai good-bye to the day't fict customerWe drink tet as the early afernoon

beuween jnoney and wx at the "micro'level of bodies and subjeaivities,I ceksunshine seamt into the rom,lluminating many owersiulfed bookcaes, an ce

rereil thereadiowship berween conromy and deir mor breadyeciur bicyde, and Amanda hersel-—a dender woman in her lace thities with dad My argument is that the global restrucuring of capicalit produicton ad ink hair and wrious eye.Smiling fighidy, she shrugs when I ak her how the sesion

vestment thac has taken plece sinc the 1970a has had consequenice tha（ ace more |with her dienc we

sdet: The dssre thax drive the rPpidly osyandungand drvesityng mtermiacora kActüally,Iypent most of che Ume giving him a backrub,and we alo spenc a tade have emanated fron corporcare-fueled consunption,An increaue in tourism|lotr of cine alking before we had swx.In the end, we went oer [tinmel by about and butines tave, and the ymbkoclk reationship berwsen infonnarion techmnolo- gics xnd the prlvatiratio.of comrgErcial consump(ion.'Ar the sme time,the rise in

of my clents are comPuter indusry wotker——bout half Sometimes [ask

| from developing to deveoped coudtris, have fhucled the growth and diversifcatior of sxual labor.For many xecors of the popuaxion,these shifshave resulec

confgurationy of fmilial lfe as well s in new crotic dspositiont.ones that the nme, dhey dontseem to even have time for a socia lif ket ir well poled to aris

O0ld and New Markets in Sexual tab

To histodically situate my claims about the"nhewnss' of lte caplttlis configurncioos

of erotlcism and desice. i begin with a brief review of wome of the seholarship that bemuemeat that for the majoriy of her cien pool—dtucared, profesional me

taken place in the United Stares and Wescrn Europe over tbe pas few centurics. As sncid historians such as Judith Walkowitz{1980,Rudt Rosen (1982),and Burbara

Hobon(1987) have pointed out, despire the frequent equation of "prostitution"

with the "oldes profesion," what many of us ypiclly think of as proatinurion hs |1ot ed tor vy ongar al. The rue or ageacate,commercalie potitution in the West emerged only witht modern-industrial capiralism and its auendaut fea

hihesigy of Chkig Phe,2007)

Buyimg and Sellng the"Girlrend bperience2 Patl:fantosy Image,and the Onmerce of intima(y

) working ou dhe sirees now bgn o get ell phonecs and to tahke our ada, or tures in the laee19th ceeury: urbAnization,the epansion of wg labo, and de

dedine of the ecrended-kin baed tradiional family Tler srucual transhorma dions bought with them new culrual dcologiet of gencle( and sexuliry. and iew

persedthiroughout the ciy,boued in inconsplcaous Viktorians in quier reidential ymboik bouadane beos putihcendprare uicuigueder Deghbothood, or relocated to indoor busineses in the cirys suburban periphery' producedl a "double standard" it sexual rchations,didotomizitni womcn slong class In similat hichioin,the number of licensed masge parlors in the cigy overall wat lines.While white,bougeois, marrid woaen practiced sxual resttaint in the pr-

acusly tnciesin电, despite the poluce cackdown on As每-run maagpoions invare phere of the tome, maty woiking-class women and women of color joined men In, the public sphee as wage bores and sexually avaiable prosxicures.4By th conplete lack of concern by the polic, despite cbeir intcnse focus upou the prosi

earty 2oth cenuCy, maumerous vic commtsion had been crated to stidy——ind tion ofillgl nigants and oo visibk sceerwalking thercby cousritue—Ndhe social problem of modern prosritution.

By coutras,wlat historans typlally refer to as"pemodern" forus of sex

the fate of a few hundred stret proxituts and dicir Cucomers but was about a more commertse were sel-organized,0cesional exchanget in which women traded yxual

wide-sweeping reallocicion of urban spacz,in which the iner ciry was reckaimed by havors during linited period of hardship. Pemoderm prottiurion was small io scaele.

the whikte middle dasses, while thoet ar the socal margims were putihed to the cioy's fequentdy premied on barter, and generally rook phase withla the particip机ts'owm

home and commvnitiet.Onlywth tbe onset of modert-induntral capinalihm did

shouvh the neighborhood resident 永tivelyopposd tngrant and isible Piotiturtionkuee mumbeis of women ind thensebve sequestered in i space that was physically on their ftrees, ic is importnt to note that,in coatrast to ooral refoau movementr

and ocialy septrate, dereby afixing them with the permanently srignatizing lden-

of eras pusc, chey did not isue a denunciatin of the ituemmingling of kxuality and [tityf_gofitue.During the Progesive Era in the United Seatey,red-light dl-

the market To the contrary, the young. wuite profesionals who tooded the ciry trics were ofhcialy shut dowIR and the sex trade was crininalzed,bur（ this dld nol

fundaruentelly aker the meaning of modem prostirution、 which marked the fendle

the fotreFonir of a nsw econoimny in sexual svices.by ceating a demand lor then ptosite (but Hot her male custome) as a criminal outsider. Instead, xsociations

and halitating new conditions of production.The sex trade did not. disPpar but instad dhanged its predominant form: the subreranean wodd of stcct protitution,with the iage ot a dangrious and gritty underwould were damaticaly excerbated along with is classie paraphermali—he pimp, the police omee, the protitute asand prosituts mow had to cope wlth the added sigrma of criminaliry..

The tems modkrnw and prwodon faciliare the comprehension of social realitik

|while an aray of soarialydipeed wexul servisces cnceed to bake is place. In thar are in fuct nuch mesvietthan tis simple categorination permits. Protoypi.

cally premnodern forms of sexual barter never disappewred entiely but evis to thi cuble 9.1, I summariz the key aspatil and poliricdl rransformations of possindusttal |day as the dotnimant mode of commercial sexual exchwnge in many impoerished

| fexual ommerc. 族s wll as dhe subjctive componence of chese changs that I cilabocommunitics throughout the word, and in the se-tor-drugs barter conomy of the inner city. The termts、nevertheles,apture something imporcant in terms of larnge

somle sociad change. They highlight the wry in whid new fomes and meanings of

he Subjective Contours of Maret lntimacy| scxual exshange cemerg at particular hiscorical juHcrurcs, coexisig with, and: tianer eclipig. the fonms that preceded them. The conumik tranformations of recent deades have rexrtuctred the social grogme The gobalizd, bhre opitulist cm of the late 20ch and carly 21sr cenurist has

witnesed a simiar tratvitionual moment in paadigns of comamercil exual ex-

While g hair aiount has been written abourt dhe ways in whicb the new globilhueschange. In postindusril dcie ysch as San Francisco,Aunserdam,and Stockholm, |tconomy has spawned a lucrative raic in women ad children from Asia.Afia.

the boundaries of vic lave beea reamapped in such a way so ao to curail the "devia

Latin America, and more recendy,Eatera Europe (Demleitner 200l;Ehreireich underword" of inodern prostution, while the commercialitarion of sxual service

and Hochsxhild 2002;Balkes1999,] would like to polnt to a dfferent level at whichowerall las expAnded.! aew global conomic (calities live been 3ighiicant to dhe vereiopment of thie sk For example,in San Fraicisco, by the late1990s the nine-square-block area

tide in the Wear. They have contributed to ctinformation im practices and mean- of dhe City that had houed dhe city's prinary Krec prostinttion surols for ower75 ings (what we migh( thimk of as the subjective contours of marke intimac

yeans was on R way to beig iacorporated into Union Squate, the princijpol ouris

disurict,s hushiouable retaurants and high-priced apsttment compleses condaued

to widen their spread.At the sane time,adverdisemeints for prustiturion in the news- and emotionally contained exchange of cushfor ruad rleaeATwi

papers and durough the aew on-line servics exploded,as did prosticurion inll of

urede, prosxitutes leaned to develop stategies to disrance thenuelves fron their la- the City's 17 legat strip cubs Many of the wery same woaen and moen who had

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[9合 Boying and Sellng the"Gihiend Experience2 Part l北:Fantasy,Imape,and the(ommere of Intknal

one （o see two scort that bhad curacd him down.They cod hin chat aot even for money would theyfuck him.Buc I did,pousI made him fel really;

rcallygood.So be chaked me.Aid be said to me,."Douit everle anyonc try

to ell yrou dhat wha( you're doing iat iomporan rork.了 was lonely,tired, and Ineeded soocoae to make me eel good, and that's what you did.What you

hat Ive noticed is that a lot of people really waumt to bte wioesed when they

come.They rally wanr to feel that You know, I onlyger their deslie and I |waat to be abte to ofer that. Aud so what I've learned how to do is to kook

at thenm deeplyand very very lovingly.For them, it feces great. like its so

peraonal,like girdfricnd stuf.But】 feel thac I'm jc fering them..love |from the carth,coming tp my feet and comung our to them.So theygat love.

——Zoey,30,trotic m In apparent conthast to indoor sex workers'acounrs of the premniun their cdi-

ents plac on toric aurhenticity were comments from the cliends themselves. During

out imtervews. thsy repeaiedly stresed to imne dhat one ot the chief vittues ot cour-

cal epochs, this "bounded' qualiey may have piovided men with an unproblematic

|And readily availabke sexunl outdet to supplement a relationship with a pure and

cnggrmenr over other rtacional fomnt.Paid sex is neither a ad subatitute for sone

thing that one would idealy choosc co obain int a no0marker rooantic redatiouship |nor the Inevitable ouccome of a raditiooaist Madonal/whore doublke sandaurd.

aroud livitog alone, intaacy through dose friendships, and cine-efhcient.sfely contained commnerctal sexual encounters.As such,they provide us with a coucrere

| example of the profownid r6origaoitation of penonal life that has occurred in pos.

indusrial urbaun cencens and nationwide during the past 30 of so yar.Dcmogrephic

ia0ors_agbL

jective and croric cousequences that few sociologists have patsted to cnsider.

Harold Holanan ad Sharon Pines (1982) have argued that lt is dhe fantasy of

chuaing tn the Proatitution trarscion-——onethiog maouably distinct lroma Purely Imechanlal sx act a）d hrom an uiboundel,private-sphere ronanic entanglement. They oberved that the cliens in sheic udy emphasized thac dhc warmth and 所iend.

lines of the sesoworkers a charsacteritig thar were ar leasx ar importat （o thenm a一Amanda, 39,independent el

ment,"If hete creament is cold or perfuncrory l'm not inteetel." Thcy were con-

{ Burying and Selling the"GilfrtendExpereRce art 贴:Fantasy lmage, and the GOmmerce of Intimac

sex for 北exs sk,oot for pay and that was the lar time l ever heard fom sisrcaty citical of sex workers who are dock wadher,"'too rushed and puthy"

he anotion of bounded 和achendicity I am ofering here hac been miinterpeted

bry tome cricc of prostitutlon who contine to regird the comnercial sul encoo- serves a cnuil debmiting funcion phat foilitates——amher than inbibir- er from within a padignm of ronantic loye dhat ia prcemised vpon mouogamous tay of uthentic intcrperonl connection.

One of the mogr souglhtafter features in the prostirution cncounter has dhu

|wby, if mot for the ake of pure domination would"15to 25 percent of the cutom- | crs of Blcminghani prostiuces demand what i known in the rmde as tband rdief,"

sotmething thar could presumably be sel-dniniscered. Yet as one cleit insisted, afer explaining to me tha（ be sudied and wotked al the tinc,and consequenty

Hanaciol of one sex worker who specializes in this service):

qld nio iv te o puruea traitdgal rarionP rs more reat ad puma chan would be satisfying ouelf aone."This dient reveals an underlying eroric pata- digrn thax ispiemised on the dscrete sexual encounter and thus compatibke with th rhythuns of his individually orienred daily life.Increasingy, what is cue for hin i also ttse foroxher men lik

ransformations t Economy, Knship. andSexualit]

Finall.I would like co consider some of the broader social implications of the shuf hurying out as soon as the custoner li finished.

retical model I developed ro undertand these ransicions,buc I do not intend to sug gese an absolurist,teleological model of hisrory. What is crucial o reognize aboul

final cohumn is that they do nor supplanr the featuces of the prior listoricat epochs but ake their place (however comforcably or ucolforably) alonglde. As with she reries of couomic,familal, and sexual （rnntfomariony ushcred in by nodernity;

the hif to a posmodem sexual sthic has becn gradul and highly uneven.Neary

《o work in 'non-fexible"jobs."In rhe moet recent Matioad survey of sexul at- |culet and behaviors in the Uhited Stites, nearly15 percent of thoe surveyed saied |that they believe sex should be for pocreation only"Depite the evideng fhilty of

mariage and long-torm rdationslipe in late-capitalis wociey, rooanic love of the

modeitst wrey enalais a crut epowtoryo meinirg fotwgulueat titiber of tndividuals.AN present, thete is a ferce polilcl truggk being waged in the Unled Sate berween the 'old"and hnew rgimes of urtimecy,which has crysualized mot

vsbly around de istue of gy marige and bortion (boxh of which agnal a dis

thepoxtidustria Pparadign of sexual commeice have emerged withou( imporant believe they cen hawe no-trigr-ttadhed ses. whlch is why they pay.The

historial precedeas.The uadicion of the European couxrtsan (prized as muc fo1 rather pay than get it for free.

emotionally expatsive yer explicitly transactional eroric arangentents (Gri伍n 2001:

Dalby 1983:DowIner: 2001:Ramberg 2006)."Although I contend that contempo.