write 5 page essay; add 3 pages for title with running head, abstract page, and references.

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Kathleen Stassen Berger

Part V

Adolescence: Biosocial Development

Chapter Fourteen

  • Puberty Begins
  • Nutrition
  • The Transformation of Puberty
  • Health Hazards

Puberty Begins

  • Puberty
  • time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development
  • lasts three to five years
  • many more years required to achieve psychosocial maturity

  • menarche: girl’s first menstrual period
  • signals that she has begun ovulation
  • pregnancy biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation often irregular

  • spermarche: boy’s first ejaculation of sperm
  • Erections occur early as infancy.
  • Ejaculation signals sperm production.
  • Spermache occurs during sleep or via direct stimulation.

  • hormones: Organic chemical substances produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another.
  • affect some physiological function
  • influence:
  • thoughts
  • urges
  • emotions
  • behavior

  • pituitary gland: produces hormones that:
  • regulate growth
  • control adrenal and sex glands

  • adrenal glands: produce hormones epinephrine [adrenaline] and norepinephrine

Sex Hormones

  • gonad
  • Paired sex glands that produce hormones and gametes.
  • estradiol
  • sex hormone considered chief estrogen
  • females produce more estradiol than males
  • testosterone
  • sex hormone, the best known of the androgens
  • greater amounts secreted by males than females

Age and Puberty

  • When will puberty start?
  • average age is between 11 and 12
  • considered normal between the ages of 8 and14

  • Genes
  • Genes on the sex chromosomes markedly affect the onset of puberty.
  • On average girls are about two years ahead of boys in height.

  • Body Fat
  • Genetic differences are apparent only when every child is well fed.
  • Stocky individuals begin puberty before those with thinner builds.

Stress

  • Production of many hormones is directly connected to stressful experience via the HPA axis.
  • Affects pubertal hormones by increasing them.
  • Puberty tends to arrive earlier if:
  • a child’s parents are sick, addicted or divorced.
  • neighborhood is violent and impoverished.

Too Early, Too Late

  • Early-maturing girls:
  • have lower self-esteem
  • more depression
  • poorer body image
  • boyfriends several years older

  • Early-maturing boys:
  • more aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol abusing
  • Ethnic differences in age of puberty can add to tensions in high school, especially for boys.

Nutrition

  • The changes of puberty depend on nutrition.
  • Many adolescents deficient in vitamins
  • Fewer than ½ of teenagers consume recommended daily dose of iron.
  • More girls anemiciron
  • ½ of adult bone mass acquired from age10-20
  • few adolescents consume enough calcium

Body Image

  • A person’s idea of how his or her body looks.

  • Girls:
  • diet to become thinner.
  • Boys:
  • want to look taller and stronger.

  • Origins of Disordered Eating
  • eventual outcome of odd eating habits
  • go without food for 24 hours
  • try new diets
  • take diet drugs

  • Serves psychological or social need rather than any biological necessity.

The Transformations of Puberty

  • growth spurt: sudden, rapid physical growth during puberty
  • Each body part increases size on a schedule.
  • weight precedes height
  • limbs precede the torso

  • Growth proceeds from the extremities to the core.
  • fingers and toes lengthen before the hands and feet

Sexual Maturation

  • Sexual Body Changes
  • primary sex characteristics
  • vagina
  • uterus
  • ovaries
  • testicles
  • penis

  • Secondary sex characteristics
  • Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction
  • man’s beard
  • woman’s breasts

Sexual Activity

  • fantasizing, flirting, hand-holding, displaying, and touching
  • reflect gender, availability, and culture
  • Social context shapes:
  • enjoyable fantasies
  • shameful preoccupations
  • frightening impulses
  • actual contact

Sex Too Soon

  • Adolescent sexuality can be problematic.
  • puberty occurs at young ages
  • raising a child has become more complex
  • teenage pregnancy no longer welcomed or expected
  • sexually transmitted infections more common and dangerous
  • sexual abuse more common

Teenage Pregnancy

  • ½ as common as it was 20 years ago in the U.S
  • abortion lower.
  • contraception use higher
  • teen intercourse is lower

Sexual Infections

  • Sexual transmitted infection (STI)
  • disease spread by sexual contact including:
  • syphilis
  • gonorrhea
  • genital herpes
  • chlamydia
  • HIV.

  • Regular medical care can prevent and treat STIs.
  • Almost every teenager knows that pregnancy and STIs can be prevented.
  • Teenagers tend to confuse appearance and reality
  • well-dressed partners could have STIs.

Sexual Abuse

  • child sexual abuse: Any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child.
  • whether or not victim protests
  • whether or not genital contact is involved.

Drug Use and Abuse

  • innocence reflected in drug use

  • Worldwide most young people use at last one drug before age 18.

  • Variations by Nation, Gender, and Ethnicity
  • Laws and family practices
  • Gender differences
  • boys having higher rates of use than girls.

Drug Use and Abuse

  • Harm from Drugs
  • Adolescents think adults exaggerate the harm of teen drug use.
  • Drugs interfere with healthy eating and digestion.
  • Drugs appear to make problems better, which leads to abuse and addition.

Learning from experience—or Not

  • Generational forgetting
  • The idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned about harmful drugs.