Please respond to the discussion questions below. Each response should be 250-300 word count for a total of 500 word minimum.

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Home>Psychology homework help>Please respond to the discussion questions below. Each response should be 250-300 word count for a total of 500 word minimum.

Kathleen Stassen Berger

Part IV

Middle Childhood: Biosocial Development

Chapter Eleven

  • A Healthy Time
  • Two Common Health Problems
  • Brain Development
  • Children with Special Needs

Middle Childhood: Biosocial Development

  • There are similarities among all school-age children, but also differences that suddenly become significant.
  • size
  • health
  • learning ability

A Healthy Time

  • Middle childhood
  • Period between early childhood and early adolescence.
  • approximately from age 7 to 11.
  • Genetic and environmental factors safeguard children.
  • Most fatal diseases and accidents occur before age 7.

  • Size and Shape
  • The rate of growth slows down.
  • Muscles become stronger.
  • School-age children can master almost any motor skill.
  • Lung capacity expands.
  • Children run faster and exercise longer without breathing more heavily.

  • Physical Activity
  • Active play benefits children in every way.
  • Benefits of sports include:
  • better overall health.
  • less obesity.
  • appreciation of cooperation and fair play.
  • improved problem-solving abilities.
  • respect for teammates and opponents from many ethnicities and nationalities.

  • Physical Activity
  • There are also hazards.
  • loss of self-esteem as a result of criticism from teammates or coaches.
  • injuries
  • reinforcement of prejudices
  • increases in stress
  • time and effort taken away from learning academic skills

  • Neighborhood Games
  • play is flexible
  • children improvise to meet their needs
  • areas, rules, boundaries, time adapted to the children's availability

  • Athletic Clubs and Leagues
  • Private and nonprofit clubs and organizations offer opportunities for children to play.
  • Culture and family influence this type of play.
  • Most children enjoy organized sports.

Two Common Health Problems

  • Chronic Illness
  • About 13% of all children have special health needs; some get worse during Middle Childhood.
  • Any chronic condition can limit active play and impede regular school attendance.

  • Overweight
  • Adult
  • a BMI (body mass index) of 25 to 29
  • Child
  • being above the 85th percentile
  • Obesity
  • Adult
  • having a BMI of 30 or more
  • Child
  • being above the 95th percentile

Prevention of Asthma

  • Primary:
  • better ventilation of schools and home
  • decreased pollution
  • eradication of cockroaches
  • construction of more play areas
  • Secondary:
  • breast-feeding
  • ridding the house of dust, pets, smoke and other allergens
  • regular checkups
  • Tertiary:
  • use of injections and inhalers
  • hypoallergenic materials

Advances in Brain Functioning

  • reduction in reaction time
  • time it takes to respond to a stimulus physically or cognitively

  • selective attention
  • ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others

  • automatization
  • process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine
  • no longer requires conscious thought

Aptitude, Achievement, and IQ

  • Aptitude:
  • Potential to master particular skill or body of knowledge.
  • IQ tests:
  • Tests designed to measure intellectual aptitude.

Aptitude and Achievement

  • Achievement Test
  • measures proficiency in reading, math, writing, science, etc
  • Flynn Effect
  • rise in average IQ scores over the decades
  • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
  • IQ test designed for school-age children.
  • vocabulary, general knowledge, memory, and spatial comprehension

  • Criticisms of IQ Testing:
  • No test can measure potential without also measuring achievement.
  • Every test score reflects the culture of the people who wrote, administer and take it.
  • Intellectual potential changes over the life span.
  • Humans may have multiple intelligences.

  • Sternberg describes three types of intelligence:

1. Academic:

  • measured by IQ and achievement tests

2. Creative:

  • evidenced by imaginative endeavors

3. Practical:

  • seen in everyday problem solving
  • Emotional intelligence:
  • ability to regulate one’s emotions and perceptive understanding of other people’s feelings

  • North American children would be considered mentally slow if they could not replicate the proper hand, arm, torso and facial positions of a traditional dance, as this young Indonesian girl does.

  • The most influential of all multiple-intelligence theories is Gardner’s:

linguistic

logical-mathematical

musical

spatial

bodily-kinesthetic (movement)

interpersonal (social understanding)

intrapersonal (self-understanding)

naturalistic (understanding of nature, as in biology, zoology, or farming) *new

Existential (asking questions about life and death) *new

Children with Special Needs

  • Children who require extra help in order to learn.
  • physical
  • mental

  • Often, first problem to be noticed:
  • slowness
  • impulsiveness
  • clumsiness

Developmental Psychopathology

  • Uses insights into typical development to understand and treat developmental disorders
  • abnormality is normal
  • disability changes year by year
  • adulthood may be better or worse
  • diagnosis depends on the social context

Attention-Deficit Disorder

  • ADHD
  • great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments
  • inattentive
  • impulsive
  • overactive
  • Comorbidity
  • presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at same time

  • Learning Disability
  • marked delay in particular area of leaning that’s not caused by:
  • physical disability
  • mental retardation
  • unusually stressful home environment
  • dyslexia
  • unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment

Autistic Spectrum Disorders:

  • autism: developmental disorder marked by inability to relate to other people normally
  • extreme self-absorption
  • inability to acquire normal speech
  • autistics spectrum disorder: Any of several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills and abnormal play.
  • asperger syndrome: specific type of autistic spectrum disorder
  • “high-functioning”
  • Unusually intelligent is specific areas
  • Impaired social interaction

Educating Children with Special Needs

  • Resource room
  • A room in which trained teachers help children with special needs.
  • Inclusion
  • An approach to educating children with special needs in which they are included in regular classrooms, with appropriate aids and services.