Utilitarianism II
saraij74
BenthamReading.pdf
P ri
n ci
p le
s of
M or
a ls
a n
d L eg
is la
ti on
J er
em y
B en
th a m
1 :;
T h
e P ri
n ci
p le
of U
ti li ty
C h ap
te r
1 :
T h e
P ri
n ci
p le
o f
U ti
li ty
1 .
N a tu
re h
a s
p la
ce d
m a n
k in
d u
n d er
th e
go ve
rn a n
ce of
tw o
so ve
re ig
n m
a st
er s,
p a in
a n
d p le
a su
re .
T h
ey a lo
n e
p oi
n t
ou t
w h
a t
w e
o u
g h
t t o
d o
a n
d d et
er m
in e
w h
a t
w e
s h
a ll
d o ;
th e
st a n
d a rd
o f
ri gh
t a n
d w
ro n
g, a n
d th
e ch
a in
o f
ca u
se s
a n
d ef
fe ct
s, a re
b o th
fa st
en ed
to th
ei r
th ro
n e.
T h
ey go
ve rn
u s
in a ll
w e
d o ,
a ll
w e
sa y,
a ll
w e
th in
k ;
ev er
y ef
fo rt
w e
ca n
m a k e
to th
ro w
of f ou
r su
b je
ct io
n ·t
o p a in
a n
d p le
a su
re ·
w il l
on ly
se rv
e to
d em
on st
ra te
a n
d co
n fi rm
it .
A m
a n
m a y
cl a im
to re
je ct
th ei
r ru
le b u
t in
re a li ty
h e
w il l
re m
a in
su b je
ct to
it .
T h
e p ri
n ci
p le
o f
u ti
li ty
1 re
co gn
is es
th is
su b je
ct io
n ,
a n
d
m a k es
it th
e b a si
s of
a sy
st em
th a t
a im
s to
h a ve
th e
ed ifi
ce of
h a p p in
es s
b u
il t
b y
th e
h a n
d s
of re
a so
n a n
d of
la w
. S
ys te
m s
th a t
tr y
to q u
es ti
o n
it d ea
l in
so u
n d s
in st
ea d
o f
se n
se ,
in ca
p ri
ce [s
ee G
lo ss
a ry
] in
st ea
d o f
re a so
n ,
in d a rk
n es
s in
st ea
d of
li gh
t. B
u t
en o u
gh o f
m et
a p h
o r
a n
d d ec
la m
a ti
o n
! It
is n
o t
b y
su ch
m ea
n s
th a t
m or
a l sc
ie n
ce is
to b e
im p ro
ve d .
2 .
T h
e p ri
n ci
p le
o f
u ti
li ty
is th
e fo
u n
d a ti
o n
o f
th e
p re
se n
t w
or k ,
so I
sh ou
ld st
a rt
b y
gi vi
n g
a n
ex p li ci
t a n
d d et
er m
in a te
a cc
ou n
t of
w h
a t
it is
. B
y ‘t h
e p ri
n ci
p le
2 of
u ti
li ty
’i s
m ea
n t
1 [N
ot e
a d d ed
in 1 8 2 2 .]
T h
is la
b el
h a s
re ce
n tl
y b ee
n jo
in ed
or re
p la
ce d
b y
th e
gr ea
te st
h ap
p in
es s
p ri
n ci
p le
. T h
is is
a n
a b b re
vi a te
d ve
rs io
n of
T h
e p ri
n ci
p le
st a ti
n g
th a t
th e
gr ea
te st
h a p p in
es s
of a ll
th os
e w
h os
e in
te re
st s
a re
in vo
lv ed
is th
e ri
gh t
a n
d p ro
p er
— a n
d th
e on
ly ri
gh t
a n
d p ro
p er
a n
d u
n iv
er sa
ll y
d es
ir a b le
— en
d of
h u
m a n
a ct
io n
; of
h u
m a n
a ct
io n
in ev
er y
si tu
a ti
on , a n
d in
p a rt
ic u
la r
in th
e si
tu a ti
on of
fu n
ct io
n a ri
es ex
er ci
si n
g th
e p ow
er s
of G
ov er
n m
en t.
T h
e w
or d
‘u ti
li ty
’ d oe
sn ’t
p oi
n t
to th
e id
ea s
of p le
a su
re a n
d p a in
a s
cl ea
rl y
a s
‘h a p p in
es s’
d oe
s; n
or d oe
s it
le a d
u s
to th
e th
ou gh
t of
h o w
m a
n y
in te
re st
s a re
a ff
ec te
d ,
th ou
gh th
is n
u m
b er
co n
tr ib
u te
s m
or e
th a n
a n
y ot
h er
fa ct
or to
th e
fo rm
a ti
on of
th e
st a n
d a rd
h er
e in
q u
es ti
on ,
n a m
el y
th e
on ly
st a n
d a rd
of ri
gh t
a n
d w
ro n
g b y
w h
ic h
th e
p ro
p ri
et y
of h
u m
a n
co n
d u
ct in
ev er
y si
tu a ti
on ca
n p ro
p er
ly b e
te st
ed .
T h
is la
ck of
a cl
ea r
en ou
gh co
n n
ec ti
on b et
w ee
n • t
h e
id ea
s of
h a p p in
es s
a n
d p le
a su
re on
th e
on e
h a n
d a n
d th
e • i
d ea
of u
ti li ty
on th
e ot
h er
h a s
so m
et im
es op
er a te
d a ll
to o
ef fi ci
en tl
y a s
a b a r
to th
e a cc
ep ta
n ce
.. ..
of th
is p ri
n ci
p le
. 2
T h
e w
or d
‘p ri
n ci
p le
’[ h
e su
gg es
ts L a ti
n ro
ot s
fo r
th e
w or
d ] is
a te
rm of
ve ry
va gu
e a n
d ve
ry ex
te n
si ve
si gn
ifi ca
ti on
; it
is a p p li ed
to a n
yt h
in g
th a t
is co
n ce
iv ed
to b e
a fo
u n
d a ti
on or
b eg
in n
in g
of a
se ri
es of
op er
a ti
on s;
in so
m e
ca se
s p h
ys ic
a l op
er a ti
on s,
b u
t in
th e
p re
se n
t ca
se m
en ta
l on
es .
T h
e p ri
n ci
p le
I a m
d is
cu ss
in g
m a y
b e
ta k en
fo r
a n
a ct
of th
e m
in d ;
a se
n ti
m en
t; a
se n
ti m
en t
of a p p ro
va l;
a se
n ti
m en
t th
a t
w h
en a p p li ed
to a n
a ct
io n
a p p ro
ve s
of it
s u
ti li ty
, ta
k in
g th
a t
to b e
th e
q u
a li ty
of it
b y
w h
ic h
th e
m ea
su re
of a p p ro
va l or
d is
a p p ro
va l of
it ou
gh t
to b e
go ve
rn ed
.
6
P ri
n ci
p le
s of
M or
a ls
a n
d L eg
is la
ti on
J er
em y
B en
th a m
1 :;
T h
e P ri
n ci
p le
of U
ti li ty
th e
p ri
n ci
p le
th a t
a p p ro
ve s
o r
d is
a p p ro
ve s
o f
e v e r y
a ct
io n
a cc
o rd
in g
to th
e te
n d en
cy it
a p p ea
rs to
h a ve
to in
cr ea
se or
le ss
en —
i. e.
to p ro
m ot
e or
op p os
e— th
e h
a p p in
es s
of th
e p er
so n
or gr
ou p
w h
os e
in te
re st
is in
q u
es ti
on .
I sa
y ‘o
f e v e r y
a ct
io n
’, n
ot on
ly of
p ri
va te
in d iv
id u
a ls
b u
t a ls
o of
go ve
rn m
en ts
. 3 .
B y
‘u ti
li ty
’ is
m ea
n t
th e
p ro
p er
ty o f
so m
et h
in g
w h
er eb
y it
te n
d s
• t o
p ro
d u
ce b en
efi t,
a d va
n ta
ge ,
p le
a su
re ,
go o d ,
o r
h a p p in
es s
(a ll
eq u
iv a le
n t
in th
e p re
se n
t ca
se ) or
(t h
is b ei
n g
th e
sa m
e th
in g)
• t o
p re
ve n
t th
e h
a p p en
in g
o f
m is
ch ie
f [s
ee G
lo ss
a ry
], p a in
, ev
il [s
ee G
lo ss
a ry
], or
u n
h a p p in
es s
to th
e p a rt
y w
h os
e in
te re
st is
co n
si d er
ed .
If th
a t
p a rt
y is
th e
co m
m u
n it
y in
ge n
er a l,
th en
th e
h a p p in
es s
o f
th e
co m
m u
n it
y; if
it ’s
a p a rt
ic u
la r
in d iv
id u
a l,
th en
th e
h a p p in
es s
of th
a t
in d iv
id u
a l.
4 .
‘T h
e in
te re
st of
th e
co m
m u
n it
y’ is
on e
of th
e m
os t
ge n
er a l
ex p re
ss io
n s
in th
e te
rm in
o lo
gy o f
m o ra
ls ;
n o
w o n
d er
it s
m ea
n in
g is
of te
n lo
st !
W h
en it
h a s
a m
ea n
in g,
it is
th is
. T h
e co
m m
u n
it y
is a
fi ct
it io
u s
b od
y co
m p os
ed of
th e
in d iv
id u
a ls
w h
o a re
th o u
gh t
o f
a s
b ei
n g
a s
it w
er e
it s
m em
b er
s [s
ee G
lo ss
a ry
]. T h
en w
h a t
is th
e in
te re
st o f
th e
co m
m u
n it
y? It
is th
e su
m of
th e
in te
re st
s of
th e
m em
b er
s w
h o
co m
p os
e it
. 5 .
It is
p o in
tl es
s to
ta lk
o f
th e
in te
re st
o f
th e
co m
m u
n it
y w
it h
o u
t u
n d er
st a n
d in
g w
h a t
th e
in te
re st
o f
th e
in d iv
id u
a l
is .1
A th
in g
is sa
id to
‘p ro
m o te
th e
in te
re st
’ (o
r b e
‘fo r
th e
in te
re st
’) of
a n
in d iv
id u
a l w
h en
it te
n d s
to in
cr ea
se th
e su
m to
ta l o f h
is p le
a su
re s
o r
(t h
e sa
m e
th in
g) to
le ss
en th
e su
m to
ta l of
h is
p a in
s. 6 –7
. A
n a ct
io n
th en
m a y
b e
sa id
to co
n fo
rm to
th e
p ri
n ci
p le
of u
ti li ty
.. ..
w h
en it
s te
n d en
cy to
in cr
ea se
th e
h a p p in
es s
of th
e co
m m
u n
it y
is gr
ea te
r th
a n
a n
y te
n d en
cy it
h a s
to le
ss en
it .
A n
d th
e sa
m e
h o ld
s fo
r m
ea su
re s
o f go
ve rn
m en
t, w
h ic
h a re
m er
el y
o n
e k in
d o f
a ct
io n
p er
fo rm
ed b y
o n
e o r
m o re
p a rt
ic u
la r
p er
so n
s.
8 .
W h
en so
m eo
n e
th in
k s
th a t
a n
a ct
io n
(e sp
ec ia
ll y
a m
ea su
re o f
go ve
rn m
en t)
co n
fo rm
s to
th e
p ri
n ci
p le
o f
u ti
li ty
, h
e m
a y
fi n
d it
co n
ve n
ie n
t fo
r p u
rp o se
s o f
d is
co u
rs e
to • i
m a gi
n e
a k in
d of
la w
or d
ic t a
t e
of u
ti li ty
a n
d to
• s p ea
k of
th e
a ct
io n
in q u
es ti
on a s
co n
fo rm
in g
to su
ch a
la w
or d ic
ta te
.
9 .
A m
a n
m a y
b e
sa id
to b e
a ‘p
a rt
is a n
’ o f
th e
p ri
n ci
p le
o f
u ti
li ty
w h
en h
is a p p ro
va l
o r
d is
a p p ro
va l
o f
a n
y a ct
io n
(o r
go ve
rn m
en ta
l m
ea su
re )
is fi x ed
b y
a n
d p ro
p o rt
io n
a l
to th
e te
n d en
cy h
e th
in k s
it h
a s
to in
cr ea
se o r
to le
ss en
th e
co m
m u
n it
y’ s
h a p p in
es s.
.. .
1 0 .
O f a n
a ct
io n
th a t
co n
fo rm
s to
th e
p ri
n ci
p le
of u
ti li ty
on e
m a y
a lw
a ys
sa y
th a t
• i t
ou gh
t to
b e
d on
e, or
a t
le a st
th a t
• i t
is n
ot so
m et
h in
g th
a t
ou gh
t n
ot to
b e
d on
e. O
n e
m a y
sa y
a ls
o th
a t
• i t
is ri
gh t
th a t
it sh
ou ld
b e
d on
e; it
is a
ri gh
t a ct
io n
; or
a t
le a st
th a t
• i t
is n
ot w
ro n
g th
a t
it sh
ou ld
b e
d on
e; it
is n
ot a
w ro
n g
a ct
io n
. W
h en
th u
s in
te rp
re te
d ,
th e
w o rd
s ‘o
u gh
t’ a n
d ‘r
ig h
t’ a n
d ‘w
ro n
g’ a n
d o th
er s
o f
th a t
so rt
h a ve
a m
ea n
in g;
o th
er w
is e
th ey
h a ve
n on
e.
1 1 .
H a s
th e
ri gh
tn es
s o f
th is
p ri
n ci
p le
ev er
b ee
n fo
rm a ll y
co n
te st
ed ?
n ex
t se
n te
n ce
: It
sh ou
ld se
em th
a t
it h
a d , b y
th os
e w
h o
h a ve
n ot
k n
ow n
w h
a t
th ey
h a ve
b ee
n m
ea n
in g.
1 ‘In
te re
st ’i
s on
e of
th os
e w
or d s
th a t
ca n
’t b e
d efi
n ed
in th
e or
d in
a ry
w a y
b ec
a u
se it
is n
’t a
sp ec
ie s
of so
m e
w id
er ge
n u
s. [U
n li k e
(f or
ex a m
p le
) ‘s
q u
a re
’f a ll s
u n
d er
th e
ge n
u s
‘r ec
ta n
gl e’
a n
d ca
n b e
d efi
n ed
th ro
u gh
th a t
a n
d th
e d if
fe re
n ti
a ‘e
q u
il a te
ra l’.
]
7
P ri
n ci
p le
s of
M or
a ls
a n
d L eg
is la
ti on
J er
em y
B en
th a m
1 :;
T h
e P ri
n ci
p le
of U
ti li ty
p er
h ap
s m
ea n
in g:
It se
em s
to h
a ve
b ee
n co
n te
st ed
, b y
p eo
p le
w h
o d id
n ’t
u n
d er
st a n
d w
h a t
th ey
w er
e co
n te
st in
g. Is
it su
sc ep
ti b le
o f
a n
y d ir
ec t
p ro
o f?
It se
em s
n o t,
b ec
a u
se so
m et
h in
g th
a t
is u
se d
to p ro
ve ev
er yt
h in
g el
se ca
n ’t
it se
lf b e
p ro
ve d ; a
ch a in
of p ro
of s
m u
st st
a rt
so m
ew h
er e.
T o
gi ve
su ch
a p ro
of is
a s
im p os
si b le
a s
it is
n ee
d le
ss .
1 2 .
N ot
th a t
th er
e h
a s
ev er
b ee
n a
n y
o n
e , h
ow ev
er st
u p id
or p er
ve rs
e, w
h o
h a sn
’t of
te n
a n
d p er
h a p s
u su
a ll y
d ef
er re
d to
th e
p ri
n ci
p le
o f u
ti li ty
. [T
h e
n ex
t se
n te
n ce
if ex
a ct
ly w
h a t
B en
th a m
w ro
te .]
B y
th e
n a tu
ra l co
n st
it u
ti o n
o f
th e
h u
m a n
fr a m
e, o n
m o st
o cc
a si
o n
s o f
th ei
r li ve
s m
en in
ge n
er a l
em b ra
ce th
is p ri
n ci
p le
, w
it h
o u
t th
in k in
g o f
it ;
if n
o t
fo r
th e
o rd
er in
g o f
th ei
r ow
n a ct
io n
s, ye
t fo
r th
e tr
yi n
g of
th ei
r ow
n a ct
io n
s, a s
w el
l a s
o f th
o se
o f o th
er m
en .
Y et
th er
e m
a y
n o t
h a ve
b ee
n m
a n
y, ev
en of
th e
m os
t in
te ll ig
en t,
w h
o h
a ve
b ee
n d is
p os
ed to
em b ra
ce th
e p ri
n ci
p le
ju st
a s
it st
a n
d s
a n
d w
it h
ou t
re se
rv e.
T h
er e
a re
n ’t
m a n
y, in
d ee
d , w
h o
h a ve
n ’t
so m
et im
es q u
a rr
el le
d w
it h
it , ei
th er
• b ec
a u
se th
ey d id
n ’t
a lw
a ys
u n
d er
st a n
d h
o w
to a p p ly
it ,
o r
• b ec
a u
se o f
so m
e p re
ju d ic
e th
a t
th ey
w er
e a fr
a id
to ex
a m
in e
o r
co u
ld n
’t b ea
r to
gi ve
u p .
S u
ch is
th e
st u
ff th
a t
m a n
is m
a d e
of :
in p ri
n ci
p le
a n
d in
p ra
ct ic
e, on
th e
ri gh
t p a th
or a
w ro
n g
on e,
th e
ra re
st of
a ll
h u
m a n
q u
a li ti
es is
co n
si st
en cy
. 1 3 .
W h
en a
m a n
tr ie
s to
co m
b a t
th e
p ri
n ci
p le
o f u
ti li ty
, h
is re
a so
n s
a re
d ra
w n
— w
it h
ou t
h is
b ei
n g
a w
a re
of it
— fr
om th
a t
ve ry
p ri
n ci
p le
it se
lf .1
If h
is a rg
u m
en ts
p ro
ve a n
yt h
in g,
it is
n ’t
th a t
th e
p ri
n ci
p le
is w
ro n
g b u
t th
a t
h e
is a p p ly
in g
it w
ro n
gl y.
Is it
p os
si b le
fo r
a m
a n
to m
ov e
th e
ea rt
h ?
Y es
; b u
t h
e m
u st
fi rs
t fi n
d ou
t a n
ot h
er ea
rt h
to st
a n
d on
. 1 4 .
T o
d is
p ro
ve it
b y
a rg
u m
en ts
is im
p os
si b le
; b u
t fr
om th
e ca
u se
s I
h a ve
m en
ti o n
ed , o r
fr o m
so m
e co
n fu
se d
o r
p a rt
ia l
vi ew
o f
it ,
a m
a n
m a y
co m
e to
b e
d is
p o se
d n
o t
to li k e
it .
W h
er e
th is
is th
e ca
se ,
if h
e th
in k s
it ’s
w o rt
h th
e tr
o u
b le
to se
tt le
h is
o p in
io n
s o n
su ch
a su
b je
ct ,
le t
h im
ta k e
th e
fo ll ow
in g
st ep
s, a n
d h
e m
a y
ev en
tu a ll y
co m
e to
b e
re co
n ci
le d
w it
h th
e p ri
n ci
p le
of u
ti li ty
. (1
) L et
h im
d ec
id e
w h
et h
er h
e w
a n
ts to
d is
ca rd
th is
p ri
n ci
p le
a lt
o ge
th er
; if
so ,
le t
h im
co n
si d er
w h
a t
a ll
h is
re a so
n in
gs (e
sp ec
ia ll y
in p ol
it ic
s) ca
n a m
ou n
t to
? (2
) If
h e
d oe
s w
a n
t to
d is
ca rd
th e
p ri
n ci
p le
, le
t h
im d ec
id e
w h
et h
er h
e w
a n
ts to
ju d ge
a n
d a ct
w it
h ou
t a n
y p ri
n ci
p le
, or
is th
er e
so m
e ot
h er
p ri
n ci
p le
h e
w ou
ld ju
d ge
a n
d a ct
b y?
1 I
h a ve
h ea
rd it
d es
cr ib
ed a s
‘a d a n
ge ro
u s
p ri
n ci
p le
’, so
m et
h in
g th
a t
on ce
rt a in
oc ca
si on
s it
is ‘d
a n
ge ro
u s
to co
n su
lt ’.
T h
is a m
ou n
ts to
sa yi
n g
th a t
it is
n ot
co n
so n
a n
t to
u ti
li ty
to co
n su
lt u
ti li ty
— i. e.
th a t
it is
n ot
co n
su lt
in g
it ,
to co
n su
lt it
.
A d d it
io n
b y
B en
th am
in 1 8 2 2
.
N ot
lo n
g a ft
er th
e p u
b li ca
ti on
of m
y ‘F
ra gm
en t
on G
ov er
n m
en t’
(1 7 7 6 ),
in w
h ic
h th
e p ri
n ci
p le
of u
ti li ty
w a s
b ro
u gh
t to
vi ew
a s
a n
a ll -c
om p re
h en
si ve
a n
d a ll -c
om m
a n
d in
g p ri
n ci
p le
, on
e p er
so n
w h
o sa
id so
m et
h in
g to
th a t
ef fe
ct w
a s
A le
xa n
d er
W ed
d er
b u
rn , a t
th a t
ti m
e A
tt or
n ey
G en
er a l [a
n d
B en
th a m
li st
s h
is la
te r
p os
it io
n s
a n
d ti
tl es
]. H
e sa
id it
in th
e h
ea ri
n g
of so
m eo
n e
w h
o p a ss
ed it
on to
m e.
S o
fa r
fr om
b ei
n g
se lf -c
on tr
a d ic
to ry
, th
e re
m a rk
w a s
sh re
w d
a n
d p er
fe ct
ly tr
u e.
.. .
A p ri
n ci
p le
th a t
la ys
d ow
n ,
a s
th e
on ly
ri gh
t a n
d ju
st ifi
a b le
en d
of go
ve rn
m en
t, th
e gr
ea te
st h
a p p in
es s
of th
e gr
ea te
st n
u m
b er
— h
ow ca
n it
b e
d en
ie d
to b e
d a n
ge ro
u s?
It is
u n
q u
es ti
on a b ly
d a n
ge ro
u s
to ev
er y
go ve
rn m
en t
th a t
h a s
fo r
it s
a ct
u a l go
a l th
e gr
ea te
st h
a p p in
es s
of o n
e p er
so n
, p er
h a p s
w it
h th
e a d d it
io n
of a
co m
p a ra
ti ve
ly sm
a ll
n u
m b er
of ot
h er
s w
h om
h e
fi n
d s
it p le
a si
n g
or co
n ve
n ie
n t
to a d m
it to
a sh
a re
in th
e co
n ce
rn ,
li k e
ju n
io r
p a rt
n er
s. S
o it
re a ll y
w a s
d a n
ge ro
u s
to th
e si
n is
te r
in te
re st
of a ll
th os
e fu
n ct
io n
a ri
es ,
W ed
d er
b u
rn in
cl u
d ed
, w
h os
e in
te re
st it
w a s
to m
a xi
m is
e d el
a y,
ve xa
ti on
, a n
d ex
p en
se in
ju d ic
ia l
a n
d ot
h er
p ro
ce d u
re s,
fo r
th e
sa k e
of th
e p ro
fi t
th ey
co u
ld ex
tr a ct
fr om
th is
. In
a go
ve rn
m en
t w
h os
e go
a l
re a ll y
w a s
th e
gr ea
te st
h a p p in
es s
of th
e gr
ea te
st n
u m
b er
, W
ed d er
b u
rn m
ig h
t st
il l
h a ve
b ee
n A
tt or
n ey
G en
er a l
a n
d th
en C
h a n
ce ll or
; b u
t h
e w
ou ld
n ot
h a ve
b ee
n • A
tt or
n ey
G en
er a l w
it h
£ 1 5 ,0
0 0
a ye
a r,
or • C
h a n
ce ll or
w it
h a
p ee
ra ge
a n
d a
ve to
on a ll
ju st
ic e
a n
d £ 2 5 ,0
0 0
a ye
a r,
a n
d w
it h
5 0 0
si n
ec u
re s
a t
h is
d is
p os
a l.
8
P ri
n ci
p le
s of
M or
a ls
a n
d L eg
is la
ti on
J er
em y
B en
th a m
1 :;
T h
e P ri
n ci
p le
of U
ti li ty
(3 )
If h
e th
in k s
h e
h a s
fo u
n d
a n
o th
er p ri
n ci
p le
, le
t h
im ex
a m
in e
w h
et h
er it
is re
a ll y
• a se
p a ra
te in
te ll ig
ib le
p ri
n ci
p le
ra th
er th
a n
m er
el y
a • p
ri n
ci p le
in w
o rd
s, a
ve rb
a l
fl o u
ri sh
th a t
b a si
ca ll y
ex p re
ss es
n o th
in g
b u
t h
is o w
n u
n fo
u n
d ed
se n
ti m
en ts
— w
h a t
h e
m ig
h t
ca ll
’c a p ri
ce ’
if so
m eo
n e
el se
h a d
it ?
(4 )
If h
e is
in cl
in ed
to th
in k
th a t
h is
o w
n (d
is )a
p p ro
va l
a n
n ex
ed to
th e
id ea
o f
a n
a ct
, w
it h
n o
re ga
rd fo
r it
s co
n -
se q u
en ce
s, is
a su
ffi ci
en t
b a si
s fo
r h
im to
ju d ge
a n
d a ct
o n
, le
t h
im a sk
h im
se lf
w h
et h
er (i
) h
is se
n ti
m en
t is
a ls
o to
b e
ev er
yo n
e el
se ’s
st a n
d a rd
o f
ri gh
t a n
d w
ro n
g o r
w h
et h
er in
st ea
d (i
i) ev
er y
m a n
’s se
n ti
m en
t h
a s
th e
sa m
e p ri
vi le
ge of
b ei
n g
a st
a n
d a rd
to it
se lf ?
(5 ) If
(i ),
le t
h im
a sk
h im
se lf
w h
et h
er h
is p ri
n ci
p le
is n
o t
d es
p ot
ic a l,
a n
d h
os ti
le to
th e
re st
of th
e h
u m
a n
ra ce
? (6
) If
(i i) , le
t h
im a sk
h im
se lf :
• I sn
’t th
is p os
it io
n a n
a rc
h ic
, im
p ly
in g
th a t
th er
e a re
a s
m a n
y d if
fe re
n t
st a n
d a rd
s of
ri gh
t a n
d w
ro n
g a s
th er
e a re
m en
? • A
re n
’t I
a ll ow
in g
th a t
to th
e sa
m e
m a n
th e
sa m
e th
in g
th a t
is ri
gh t
to d a y
co u
ld (w
it h
n o
ch a n
ge in
it s
n a tu
re )
b e
w ro
n g
to m
or ro
w ?
• a n
d th
a t
th e
sa m
e th
in g
co u
ld b e
ri gh
t a
n d
w ro
n g
in th
e sa
m e
p la
ce a t
th e
sa m
e ti
m e?
• E it
h er
w a y,
w ou
ld n
’t a ll
a rg
u m
en t
b e
a t
a n
en d ?
• W h
en o n
e m
a n
sa ys
‘I li k e
th is
’ a n
d a n
o th
er sa
ys ‘I
d on
’t li k e
it ’,
is th
er e—
on m
y vi
ew —
a n
yt h
in g
m or
e fo
r th
em to
sa y?
(7 )
If h
e a n
sw er
s a ll
th a t
b y
sa yi
n g
‘N o ,
b ec
a u
se th
e se
n ti
m en
t th
a t
I p ro
p o se
a s
a st
a n
d a rd
m u
st b e
b a se
d o n
re fl ec
ti o n
’, le
t h
im sa
y w
h a t
fa ct
s th
e re
fl ec
ti o n
is to
tu rn
o n
. If
o n
fa ct
s a b o u
t th
e u
ti li ty
o f
th e
a ct
, th
en is
n ’t
h e
d es
er ti
n g
h is
o w
n p ri
n ci
p le
a n
d ge
tt in
g h
el p
fr o m
th e
ve ry
on e
in op
p os
it io
n to
w h
ic h
h e
se t
it u
p ?
A n
d if
n ot
on th
os e
fa ct
s, th
en on
w h
a t
ot h
er s?
(8 ) If
h e
fa vo
u rs
a m
ix ed
vi ew
, w
a n
ti n
g to
a d o p t
h is
o w
n p ri
n ci
p le
in p a rt
a n
d th
e p ri
n ci
p le
of u
ti li ty
in p a rt
, h
o w
f a
r
w il l h
e go
w it
h h
is p ri
n ci
p le
? (9
) W
h en
h e
h a s
d ec
id ed
w h
er e
h e
w il l st
o p , le
t h
im a sk
h im
se lf
h ow
h e
ju st
ifi es
ta k in
g it
th a t
fa r,
a n
d w
h y
h e
w on
’t ta
k e
it fu
rt h
er .
(1 0 )
A d m
it ti
n g
so m
et h
in g
P o th
er th
a n
th e
p ri
n ci
p le
o f
u ti
li ty
to b e
a ri
gh t
p ri
n ci
p le
, on
e th
a t
it is
ri gh
t fo
r a
m a n
to p u
rs u
e; a n
d a d m
it ti
n g
(w h
a t
is n
ot tr
u e)
th a t
‘r ig
h t’
ca n
h a ve
a m
ea n
in g
th a t
d o es
n ’t
in vo
lv e
u ti
li ty
; le
t h
im sa
y w
h et
h er
th er
e is
a n
y m
o ti
ve th
a t
a m
a n
co u
ld h
a ve
to p u
rs u
e P ’s
d ic
ta te
s. • I
f th
er e
is ,
le t
h im
sa y
w h
a t
th a t
m o ti
ve is
, a n
d h
o w
it is
to b e
d is
ti n
gu is
h ed
fr o m
th e
m o ti
ve s
th a t
en fo
rc e
th e
d ic
ta te
s of
u ti
li ty
; a n
d • i
f th
er e
is n
’t ,
th en
(l a st
ly ) le
t h
im sa
y w
h a t
th is
ot h
er p ri
n ci
p le
ca n
b e
go od
fo r.
9
P ri
n ci
p le
s of
M or
a ls
a n
d L eg
is la
ti on
J er
em y
B en
th a m
4 :
M ea
su ri
n g
P le
a su
re a n
d P a in
d o
so to
o .
In ev
er y
in ch
o f
h is
ca re
er th
e o p er
a ti
o n
s o f
th e
p ol
it ic
a l m
a gi
st ra
te a re
li a b le
to b e
a id
ed or
im p ed
ed b y
th es
e tw
o fo
re ig
n p o w
er s,
w h
o a re
su re
to b e
ei th
er h
is ri
va ls
o r
h is
a ll ie
s. If
h e
le a ve
s th
em o u
t o f
h is
ca lc
u la
ti o n
s h
e w
il l
a lm
o st
ce rt
a in
ly fi n
d h
im se
lf m
is ta
k en
in th
e re
su lt
.. ..
S o
h e
o u
gh t
to h
a ve
th em
co n
ti n
u a ll y
b ef
o re
h is
ey es
, u
n d er
a n
a m
e [‘s
a n
ct io
n ’]
th a t
ex h
ib it
s th
e re
la ti
o n
th ey
h a ve
to h
is ow
n p u
rp os
es a n
d d es
ig n
s.
C h ap
te r
4 :
M ea
su ri
n g
P le
as u re
an d
P ai
n
1 .
P le
a su
re s
a n
d th
e a vo
id a n
ce o f
p a in
s, th
en ,
a re
th e
le gi
sl a to
r’ s
go a ls
; so
h e
o u
gh t
to u
n d er
st a n
d th
ei r
va lu
e. P le
a su
re s
a n
d p a in
s a re
th e
in st
ru m
en ts
h e
h a s
to w
o rk
w it
h , so
h e
n ee
d s
to u
n d er
st a n
d th
ei r
fo rc
e, i. e.
th ei
r va
lu e.
2 .
T o
a p er
so n
(c o n
si d er
ed b y
h im
se lf )
th e
va lu
e o f
a p le
a -
su re
o r
p a in
(c o n
si d er
ed b y
it se
lf )
w il l
b e
gr ea
te r
o r
le ss
a cc
or d in
g to
: (1
) it
s in
te n
si ty
. (2
) it
s d u
ra ti
on .
(3 ) it
s ce
rt a in
ty or
u n
ce rt
a in
ty .
(4 ) it
s n
ea rn
es s
or re
m ot
en es
s.
3 .
T h
es e
a re
th e
ci rc
u m
st a n
ce s
th a t
a re
to b e
co n
si d er
ed w
h en
es ti
m a ti
n g
a p le
a su
re o r
a p a in
co n
si d er
ed b y
it se
lf .
B u
t w
h en
th e
va lu
e o f
a p le
a su
re o r
p a in
is co
n si
d er
ed fo
r th
e p u
rp o se
o f
es ti
m a ti
n g
th e
te n
d en
cy o f
a n
a ct
b y
w h
ic h
it is
p ro
d u
ce d , tw
o ot
h er
ci rc
u m
st a n
ce s
m u
st b e
ta k en
in to
th e
a cc
ou n
t: (5
) it
s fe
cu n
d it
y, i. e.
it s
ch a n
ce o f
b ei
n g
fo ll o w
ed b y
se n
sa ti
o n
s o f
th e
sa m
e k in
d (p
le a su
re b y
p le
a su
re ,
p a in
b y
p a in
), a n
d (6
) it
s p u
ri ty
, i. e.
it s
ch a n
ce o f
n o t
b ei
n g
fo ll o w
ed b y
se n
sa ti
o n
s o f
th e
o p p o si
te k in
d (p
le a su
re b y
p a in
, p a in
b y
p le
a su
re ).
T h
es e
la st
tw o ,
h o w
ev er
, a re
n o t
st ri
ct ly
p ro
p er
ti es
o f
th e
p le
a su
re or
th e
p a in
it se
lf ,
so th
ey a re
n ’t
st ri
ct ly
to b e
ta k en
in to
th e
a cc
ou n
t of
th e
va lu
e of
th a t
p le
a su
re or
p a in
. T h
ey a re
re a ll y
on ly
p ro
p er
ti es
of th
e a ct
or ot
h er
ev en
t b y
w h
ic h
su ch
p le
a su
re o r
p a in
h a s
b ee
n p ro
d u
ce d ; so
th ey
a re
o n
ly to
b e
ta k en
in to
th e
a cc
o u
n t
o f
th e
te n
d en
cy o f
th a t
a ct
o r
ev en
t.
4 .
F or
m a n
y p eo
p le
th e
va lu
e of
a p le
a su
re or
a p a in
w il l b e
gr ea
te r
o r
le ss
a cc
o rd
in g
to se
ve n
ci rc
u m
st a n
ce s—
th e
si x
p re
ce d in
g on
es a n
d a n
d on
e ot
h er
, n
a m
el y
(7 )
it s
ex te
n t,
i. e.
th e
n u
m b er
o f
p er
so n
s to
w h
o m
it ex
te n
d s
or (i n
ot h
er w
or d s)
w h
o a re
a ff
ec te
d b y
it .
5 .
T h
u s,
to ta
k e
a n
ex a ct
a cc
ou n
t of
a n
a ct
’s ge
n er
a lt
en d en
cy to
a ff
ec t
th e
in te
re st
s of
a co
m m
u n
it y,
p ro
ce ed
a s
fo ll ow
s. O
f th
os e
w h
os e
in te
re st
s se
em to
b e
m os
t im
m ed
ia te
ly a ff
ec te
d b y
th e
a ct
, ta
k e
o n
e , a n
d ta
k e
a n
a cc
ou n
t, (1
) o f
th e
va lu
e o f
ea ch
p le
a su
re th
a t
a p p ea
rs to
b e
p ro
d u
ce d
b y
it in
th e
fi rs
t in
st a n
ce ;
(2 ) of
th e
va lu
e of
ea ch
p a in
th a t
a p p ea
rs to
b e
p ro
d u
ce d
b y
it in
th e
fi rs
t in
st a n
ce ;
(3 )
o f
th e
va lu
e o f
ea ch
p le
a su
re th
a t
a p p ea
rs to
b e
p ro
d u
ce d
b y
it a ft
er th
e fi rs
t, th
is b ei
n g
th e
fe cu
n d it
y of
th e
fi rs
t p le
a su
re a n
d th
e im
p u
ri ty
of th
e fi rs
t p a in
;
2 2
P ri
n ci
p le
s of
M or
a ls
a n
d L eg
is la
ti on
J er
em y
B en
th a m
4 :
M ea
su ri
n g
P le
a su
re a n
d P a in
(4 ) of
th e
va lu
e of
ea ch
p a in
th a t
a p p ea
rs to
b e
p ro
d u
ce d
b y
it a ft
er th
e fi rs
t, th
is b ei
n g
th e
fe cu
n d it
y of
th e
fi rs
t p a in
a n
d th
e im
p u
ri ty
of th
e fi rs
t p le
a su
re .
T h
en (5
) S
u m
u p
th e
va lu
es o f
a ll
th e
p le
a su
re s
o n
o n
e si
d e
a n
d of
a ll
th e
p a in
s on
th e
ot h
er .
If th
e b a la
n ce
is on
th e
si d e
of p le
a su
re , th
a t
is th
e ov
er -a
ll go
od te
n d en
cy of
th e
a ct
w it
h re
sp ec
t to
th e
in te
re st
s of
th a t
p er
so n
; if
on th
e si
d e
of p a in
, it
s ov
er -a
ll b a d
te n
d en
cy .
(6 )
R ep
ea t
th e
a b o ve
p ro
ce ss
w it
h re
sp ec
t to
ea ch
p er
so n
w h
o se
in te
re st
s a p p ea
r to
b e
co n
ce rn
ed ; a n
d th
en su
m th
e re
su lt
s. If
th is
b a la
n ce
is on
th e
si d e
of p le
a su
re ,
th a t
is th
e ov
er -a
ll go
od te
n d en
cy of
th e
a ct
w it
h re
sp ec
t to
th e
in te
re st
s o f
th e
co m
m u
n it
y; if
o n
th e
si d e
o f
p a in
, it
s o ve
r- a ll
b a d
te n
d en
cy .
6 .
It is
n ot
to b e
ex p ec
te d
th a t
th is
p ro
ce ss
sh ou
ld b e
st ri
ct ly
p u
rs u
ed b ef
or e
ev er
y m
or a l ju
d gm
en t
or ev
er y
le gi
sl a ti
ve or
ju d ic
ia l
o p er
a ti
o n
. B
u t
it ca
n b e
a lw
a ys
k ep
t in
vi ew
; a n
d th
e n
ea re
r th
e p ro
ce ss
a ct
u a ll y
p u
rs u
ed on
th es
e oc
ca si
on s
co m
e to
it , th
e n
ea re
r th
ey w
il l co
m e
to ex
a ct
n es
s.
7 .
T h
is p ro
ce ss
is a p p li ca
b le
to p le
a su
re a n
d p a in
in w
h a te
ve r
fo rm
th ey
a p p ea
r, a n
d b y
w h
a te
ve r
n a m
e th
ey a re
la b el
le d :
to p le
a su
re , w
h et
h er
it b e
ca ll ed
‘g o o d ’(
th a t
is p ro
p er
ly th
e ca
u se
o r
in st
ru m
en t
o f
p le
a su
re )
o r
p ro
fi t
(t h
a t
is d is
ta n
t p le
a su
re ,
or th
e ca
u se
or in
st ru
m en
t of
d is
ta n
t p le
a su
re ) or
‘c o n
ve n
ie n
ce ’ o r
‘a d va
n ta
ge ’,
‘b en
efi t’ ,
‘e m
o lu
m en
t’ ,
‘h a p p i-
n es
s’ ,
a n
d so
fo rt
h ;
to p a in
, w
h et
h er
it is
ca ll ed
‘e vi
l’ (t
h a t
co rr
es p o n
d s
to ‘g
o o d ’)
o r
‘m is
ch ie
f’ o r
‘in co
n ve
n ie
n ce
’ o r
‘d is
a d va
n ta
ge ’ o r
‘lo ss
’ o r
‘u n
h a p p in
es s’
, a n
d so
fo rt
h .
[I n
th a t
se n
te n
ce ,
b ot
h ‘e
vi l’
[S ee
gl os
sa ry
] a n
d ‘g
oo d ’a
re n
ou n
s. ]
8 .
T h
is is
n ot
a n
ov el
a n
d u
n ju
st ifi
ed th
eo ry
, a n
y m
or e
th a n
it is
a u
se le
ss o n
e. W
h a t
it p re
se n
ts is
n o th
in g
b u
t w
h a t
p er
fe ct
ly fi ts
th e
p ra
ct ic
e of
m a n
k in
d w
h en
ev er
th ey
h a ve
a cl
ea r
vi ew
of th
ei r
ow n
in te
re st
. W
h a t
m a k es
(f or
in st
a n
ce )a
n a rt
ic le
of p ro
p er
ty , a n
es ta
te in
la n
d , va
lu a b le
? T h
e p le
a su
re s
of a ll
k in
d s
th a t
it en
a b le
s a
m a n
to p ro
d u
ce ,
a n
d (t
h e
sa m
e th
in g)
th e
p a in
s of
a ll
k in
d s
th a t
it en
a b le
s h
im to
a ve
rt .
B u
t ev
er yo
n e
ta k es
th e
va lu
e of
su ch
a n
a rt
ic le
of p ro
p er
ty to
ri se
or fa
ll a cc
or d in
g to
• h ow
lo n
g a
m a n
h a s
it ,
• h ow
ce rt
a in
it is
th a t
h e
w il l ge
t it
, a n
d • h
ow lo
n g
it w
il l b e
b ef
or e
h e
ge ts
it if
in d ee
d h
e d oe
s. T h
e in
te n
si ty
of th
e p le
a su
re s
h e
m a y
d er
iv e
fr o m
it is
n ev
er th
o u
gh t
o f,
b ec
a u
se th
a t
d ep
en d s
o n
h o w
h e
in p a rt
ic u
la r
ch oo
se s
to u
se it
, w
h ic
h ca
n ’t
b e
es ti
m a te
d ti
ll th
e p a rt
ic u
la r
p le
a su
re s
h e
m a y
d er
iv e
fr o m
it o r
th e
p a rt
ic u
la r
p a in
s h
e m
a y
ex cl
u d e
b y
m ea
n s
of it
a re
b ro
u gh
t to
vi ew
. F
or th
e sa
m e
re a so
n ,
h e
d oe
sn ’t
th in
k ,
ei th
er ,
of th
e fe
cu n
d it
y or
p u
ri ty
of th
os e
p le
a su
re s.
S o
m u
ch fo
r p le
a su
re a n
d p a in
, h
a p p in
es s
a n
d u
n h
a p p i-
n es
s, in
ge n
er a l.
I sh
a ll
n ow
co n
si d er
th e
va ri
ou s
p a rt
ic u
la r
k in
d s
of p a in
a n
d p le
a su
re .
2 3
