technology in contemporary society
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BEHS103-Week7-MusicandTechnology.pptxTechnology and Entertainment - Music
BEHS 103: Technology in Contemporary Society
Week 7
Credit: Katherine Im (2021, July)
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Music
Every culture has music
Not sure why
Parncutt theory (University of Graz)
May have evolved as a way for mothers to communicate with their children – “Motherese”
Unborn babies can hear rhythmic sounds from mother, understand mother’s state
Mothers respond to sounds babies make
Acoustic, gestural, emotional in nature
Theory is difficult to prove
makehttp://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/the-origins-music/
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Evolution of music
Parallels the evolution of art
Response to social priorities of each time period
Prehistoric instruments
Medieval music (0-1400 AD)
Saint Gregory (pope from 590-604) organized many chants for the Church – Gregorian chant
Monophonic chants – featured human voice, no instrumentation
Polyphony didn’t begin until 11th c.
Technological advances:
Notation of musical notes begin around 900
Notation of rhythm began in 12th or 13th c.
http://library.thinkquest.org/16020/data/eng/text/education/theory/history.html
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Sample of medieval music
As you listen, remember that this was high art in its day. Think how different this form of music is from what we listen to today.
http://oldtimecatholic.com/gregorian-chant/how-to-read-and-sing-gregorian-chant-online-lessons-by-cc-watershed/
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Renaissance music (1400-1600 AD)
Individualism elevated status of composers
Famous composers: Tallis, Byrd, Palestrina (pictured)
Sacred music still written, but increasing emphasis on secular music (madrigals)
Instrumental music become more important
Invention of the modern keyboard
Polyphonic works
Example : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4vE2lZWZVU
http://library.thinkquest.org/16020/data/eng/text/education/theory/history.html
Image source: https://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Lib-BIG/Palestrina-17.jpg
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Renaissance instruments
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/ClavecinRuckers%26Taskin.JPG/450px-ClavecinRuckers%26Taskin.JPG
http://kindredsubjects.blogspot.com/2011/02/double-virginal-1581-made-by-hans.html
http://www.oldflutes.com/renai.htm
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Baroque music (1600 – 1750 AD)
Famous composers: Bach, Handel, Vivaldi
Very ornate, brilliant, bright
http://library.thinkquest.org/16020/data/eng/text/education/theory/history.html
Bach image: http://www.geraldelias.com/music_DT_bach.html
Handel image: http://www.classical.net/music/images/composer/h/handel1.jpg
Vivaldi image: http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/vivaldi.php
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1607 – first Opera “Orfeo” – combines music with theater
Orchestras formed
Soloists featured – virtuosos
Music often celebrated nature
Example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRxofEmo3HA
Classical period (1750-1800)
Famous composers:
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
Reenvisioning ancient Greece and Rome
Balance, proportion, discipline
Simpler than baroque period
http://library.thinkquest.org/16020/data/eng/text/education/theory/history.html
Mozart image: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/M/Wolfgang-Mozart
Beethoven image: http://www.npr.org/artists/15232481/ludwig-van-Beethoven
Haydn image: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.classical.net/music/images/composer/h/haydnfj1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/haydnfj.php&h=268&w=230&sz=42&tbnid=2z8kqkUt-OZDXM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=82&zoom=1&usg=__VY1VbBwQlViWI6Dg44Y6Bp5701I=&docid=KWh3ql4RKZsoSM&sa=X&ei=9ioBUqmaIYyC9QSa2ICgAQ&ved=0CJwBEP4dMA4
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What else is happening in this era?
American Revolution
French Revolution
https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQEo2TWzNjlmgoLXWVGANituvY_P8K9Xu5HZ2XiU-_B1HshnNUB
http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/07/13/marieantoinetteexecute-a8b7aa02f3a17f0904724853bbfc83dc2b9c738a-s6-c30.jpg
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Music for the masses
Public concerts became popular
Music available to the masses, not just the rich
Venues larger, orchestras became larger
Gave rise to symphonies created – grand, exuberant
Example: http://listeninglab.stantons.com/title/beethovens-fifth/170458/
http://cso.org/uploadedImages/Learn/cso_muti_about.jpg
http://library.thinkquest.org/16020/data/eng/text/education/theory/history.html
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Romantic era (1800-1900)
Famous composers: Chopin, Liszt, Schubert
Added new instruments to the orchestra
Music was emotional, less rigid
Operas had exotic and romantic themes
Virtuosos became very popular; music was written to show off skill
http://library.thinkquest.org/16020/data/eng/text/education/theory/history.html
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Impact of Industrial Revolution on music
Chopin’s Minute Waltz: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PJqdkXDbSI
Major improvements to the piano:
Invention of high-quality steel for piano wire
Cast iron frames
5 octaves to 8 octaves – greater range
http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/piano.htm
Image source: https://www.google.com/search?q=piano&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=qTABUqDxJIr89QSt_oHQBg&biw=1440&bih=810&sei=qjABUpOXM5Dc8ASG7YGACg#bav=on.2,or.r_cp.r_qf.&fp=878287e9c1eca66a&hl=en&q=1800%27s+piano&rls=org.mozilla:en-US%3Aofficial&sa=1&tbm=isch&um=1&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=HRv_szAMzR8euM%3A%3BqZEr4Vzb1xgIsM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.steinway.de%252Fimages%252Fpages%252Fwesle.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.steinway.de%252Fnews%252Farticles%252Fsteinway-unveils-william-e-steinway-limited-edition-piano%252F%3B600%3B605
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Contemporary classical (1900-1990’s)
Very diverse, often a reaction against previous classical forms
Very secularized
Often nationalistic (Sousa, Copland, Gershwin)
Increasingly influenced by technology
Synthesizers
Recording technology
http://library.thinkquest.org/16020/data/eng/text/education/theory/history.html
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Modern music and technology
Audiences were larger, music needed to be louder
Industrial steel used for guitar strings
1930’s - Electric amps invented
1931 – George Beauchamp invented the first electrified guitar – the “frying pan”
http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/electricguitar/invention.htm
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Modern music and technology
Robert Moog – inventor of electronic synthesizer in 1964
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/22/AR2005082201215.html
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Sound mixing
1980’s - Recording studios mastered how to cut and splice, edit, and mix sounds together into one recording
Performers didn’t need to be perfect. Technology would fix problems.
Could perform in smaller groups and mix sounds together. Cut down on production time.
Changed how music sounded.
http://www.recording-history.org/HTML/musictech7.php
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Other ways technology changed music
Musical media – early days
Music perpetuated publicly through written music
Celebrity and notoriety based on live performance until 1877
http://www.ltu.se/cms_fs/1.114074!/img/img/Jenny_Lind_LTU.jpg_gen/derivatives/landscape_522/Jenny_Lind_LTU.jpg
=xwGtWp3wTN26dM%3A%3Bi52pCl-t0m6uVM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fnps-nyharbor-archives.org%252Fhighlights%252Fjenny-lind-concert-program.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%https://www.google.com/search?q=jenny+lind&client=firefox-a&hs=Jh7&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=MDkBUr-ALYO69QTk34DYBg&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1440&bih=810#facrc=_&imgdii=xwGtWp3wTN26dM%3A%3B4mASWd3-cGRcoM%3BxwGtWp3wTN26dM%3A&imgrc252Fnps-nyharbor-archives.org%252Fhighlights%252Fjenny-lind-concert-program.html%3B386%3B582
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Beginning of recorded media storage
Phonograph invented by Edison (1877)
1924 – Western Electric used electric amplifiers to magnify recorded sounds
Mass marketed from the 1920’s to 1940’s
Late 1940’s – LP’s sold cheaply on the market
1980’s audio cassettes became more popular than LP’s
http://www.recording-history.org/HTML/musictech3.php
http://www.edisontinfoil.com/kruesi.jpg
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Digital recording
Borrowed technology from telephone industry
1990’s CD became more popular than audiocassettes
2000’s CD-RW, DVD
MP-3 – media free audio
http://www.recording-history.org/HTML/musictech11.php
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Music playing devices
http://www.xtimeline.com/timeline/History-of-Music-Playing-Devices
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Music streaming services
iTunes – 2003
Spotify - 2008
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https://i.insider.com/5ee8f1bd3ad8610d80629a57?width=1300&format=jpeg&auto=webp
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https://supreme.findlaw.com/legal-commentary/why-metallica-sued-napster.html
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Napster and copyright law
Napster founded in 1999
Allowed peer-to-peer sharing of digital content at a time when music was mostly purchased in the form of CD’s.
Napster case raised questions about the ethics of copying work digitally without paying for it.
Napster was sued by Metallica and lost, but it became clear that consumers no longer wanted to pay for physical copies of music.
Gave rise to the streaming music industry. Consumers pay a fee for unlimited access to music libraries.
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Music Industry Revenue: Physical media declining, streaming growing
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https://bs-uploads.toptal.io/blackfish-uploads/uploaded_file/file/402267/image-1601840340557.489-b87510509cb13fd9057df094ccdbbbc9.png
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