beer review for an essay

Trevor Hart

WIC Assignment H

10/25/19

Prof. Walter

Vaccines are needed to further advance medical practices. Continual revision and

advancements could lead to vaccines for debilitating diseases like HPV and continue to

reduce vaccinable diseases like Diphtheria.

Vaccines have been in production since 1796 and are still being used today. Vaccines

now are being debated on the necessity of using vaccines, and should parents be able to choose

whether or not their children should be compelled to receive vaccines for any disease. The

answer, without a doubt, is that vaccines need to be required because they reduce deaths and

decrease the amount of disease cases.

In the past, the life expectancy for anyone who contracted any illness like influenza or the

flu had low chance of recovery. The standard of medicine could not sustain the needs of a health

compromised patient. A disease called Diphtheria is caused by a type of bacteria called

Corynebacterium diphtheriae which attaches itself to the lining of the respiratory system [1]. The

bacteria produce a poison which destroys healthy tissue [1]. Once enough healthy tissue dies and

collects together the result is a thick gray coating which hinders the ability to breath [1]. Many

people die because of this complication. The morbidity rate was 53.03% when vaccines were not

available [2]. After the post vaccination period the morbidity was 11.42% [2]. After the vaccine

was introduced the occurrence of Diphtheria was reduced substantially as was other diseases as

shown in Table 1 [2]. On the farthest column on the right-hand side, every disease had 93%

vaccine coverage [2]. A systematic reduction of vaccine coverage would allow for rising number

of reported cases which would lead to more deaths. The disease without vaccine protection had a

50% morbidity rate [2]. As the results show, vaccines are needed to protect against diseases like

Diphtheria in order to remain healthy.

Table 1: 6 different diseases and their corresponding data entries [1]

Vaccine- preventable diseases

Pre- vaccination period

Post- vaccination period

Pre- vaccination morbidity rates (per 100,000)

Post- vaccination morbidity rates (per 100,000)

Reported cases

Prevented cases (95% C.I.)

Vaccine coverage 2015

(%)

Diphtheria 1901 1938 1939 2015 53.03 11.42 403,712 1,832,142 (1,540,355 2,167,723)

93.3

Tetanus 1955 1962 1963 2015 1.45 0.39 10,673 30,818 (29,905 32,824)

93.6

Poliomyelitis 1925 1963 1964 2015 5.23 0.06 1,651 198,279 (162,693 241,572)

93.4

Hepatitis B 1987 1990 1991 2015 5.52 2.53 34,880 41,675 (39,092 51,341)

93.2

Pertussis 1925 1994 1995 2015 42.79 3.97 47,751 234,958 (82,466 566,026)

93.3

Another argued point of contention is consumers pay steeply for vaccines. Protestors of

vaccines continue to say cost of vaccines are too inflated to justify having them required. The

, is reduced from production costs. Vaccines are a

financially viable method of healthcare. As gathered by Hill, private costs of vaccines are

expensive as shown in Table 2 [3]. However, with the Affordable Care Act of 2010 in place,

vaccines are now under mandatory coverage with insurance [4]. The basic insurance plans have

vaccines covered without the consumer bearing the full cost [4]. In developing countries with at

risk populations, the UNICEF reduces the cost to a tiny percentage of what it once was [3].

Uninsured consumers do have more economic burden in the US [4].

If you are a US citizen that has adequate healthcare, vaccines pose little financial burden.

Businesses earn profit based on contracts with the government so the financial burden is not solely

depended on the consumers [4]. Vaccines are not the bank breaker as they are portrayed to be.

Insured citizens do not have to bear the private sectors price. Through government cooperation,

vaccines are a viable option for insured citizens [4].

Table 2: Different vaccines private and humanitarian cost [4]

Disease Vaccine Private sectora

UNICEFb Price

reduction 2014 volume

($M)b

S. pneumoniae Prevnar $157.57

$3.50 97.8% $561.30

Pneumovax®23 $78.90 95.6% N/A

Human Papillomavirus

Gardasil® $160.17 $4.50 97.2% $10.10

DTP Daptacel® $27.17

$0.20 99.3%

$11.60

Vaccines are designed for a one job. They are engineered to fight off a specific disease.

Those who receive the vaccine are significantly more protected versus their non-vaccine

counterparts. Schistosomiasis is a health importance to 1 billion people as Zhang et al. explains

[5]. It is a disease that involves parasites that breed within the body and if they migrate to the brain

or spinal cord seizures, paralysis and inflammation occurs [6]. The study is not in human trials yet,

but with a 93.45% reduction in pathology producing female worms and 81.51% reduction in eggs

hatching, the data shows a highly useful vaccine that would essentially eradicate Schistosomiasis

and eliminate any hope of it spreading [5]. The targeted use of vaccines can diminish a disease to

effectively have a world presence of zero.

Guo, Hirth, and Berenson also enforce the idea that vaccines help protect against disease

by finding that vaccines for HPV have a lower prevalence percentage of 7.4 versus 17.1 among

vaccine and non-vaccine people [7]. Prevalence meaning the amount of cases already established

at the start of a given time. Among unvaccinated women, HPV has an additional 9% higher chance

to be contracted. When the data of the number of sexual partners in a lifetime were under 2, the

difference between the two categories were 3.2 for vaccinated and 9.7 for unvaccinated women,

and when greater than 3 partners the corresponding prevalence was 18.4 and 27.4 respectively [7].

less prevalence of all 4 vaccine- [7]. These

sources indicate that vaccines protect against unwanted disease. In the case of low risk activity

both have low prevalence, however when engaging with numerous partners, the occurrence

jumped up about 15%, and each time the unvaccinated percentage was higher [7]. Vaccines are

made to fight specific strands. The vaccines that the normal population takes are the ones that are

the most common strains for that particular time period. Vaccines afford a comfortable

neutralization of most disease and in the case of acquiring a disease that had a vaccine, the response

to the illness is less in severity. That is why vaccines are necessary to maintain a higher standard

of health.

Bibliography

Durham, Hill, Zhang and Garcia were the additional sources researched.

[1] D -Dec-2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/about/index.html. [Accessed: 25-Oct-2019].

[2] G. Rezza, F. Prestinaci, F. Lucaroni, L. Camoni, M.M Barbieri, P. Stefanelli, P. Pezzotti, S. Iacchini, S.Bellino, W. Ricciardi, The impact of immunization programs on 10 vaccine preventable diseases in Italy: 1900 2015, Vaccine, vol 36, no.11, pp. 1435-1443 Mar. 2018, doi : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.065

[3 acces Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 42, pp. 67 73, 2016. 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.002

[4] https://www.healthcare.gov/health-care-law-protections/. [Accessed: 24-Oct-2019].

[5] W. Zhang, A. J. Molehin, J. U. Rojo, J. Sudduth, P. K. Ganapathy, E. Kim, A. J. Siddiqui, J. Freeborn, S. R. Sennoune, J. May, S. Lazarus, C. Nguyen, W. K. Redman, G. Ahmad, W. Torben, S. Karmakar, L. Le, K. R. Kottapalli, P. Kottapalli, R. F. Wolf, J. F. Papin, D. Carey, S. A. Gray, J. D. Bergthold, R. T. Damian, B. T. Mayer, F. Marks, S. G. Reed, D. Carter, and A. A.

-p80-based schistosomiasis vaccine: double-blind preclinical trial in baboons demonstrates comprehensive prophylactic and parasite transmission- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1425, no. 1, pp. 38 51, 2018. Doi 10.1111/nyas.13942

[6] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis. [Accessed: 25-Oct-2019].

[7] F. Guo, between HPV-vaccinated and non-vaccinated young adult women (20- Epidemiology, Jan. 2015.doi 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-844

D. P. Durham, M. L. N. Mbah, J. Medlock, P. M. Luz, L. A. Meyers, A. D. Paltiel, and A. P. -

pp. 3957 3961, 2013. Doi 3.10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.036

D. Garcia, A. Porras, A. R. Mendoza, N. Alvis, M. C. Navas, F. D. L. Hoz, M. D. Neira, E.

Vaccine, vol. 36, no. 19, pp. 2721 2726, 2018.10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.004