Unit III Scholarly Activity
Malkta
BBR.pdf
v.13, n.2
Vitória-ES, Mar.-Abr. 2016
p. 56 - 81 ISSN 1808-2386 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2016.13.2.3
Received on 05/30/2014; reviewed on 03/26/2015; accepted on 04/27/2015; published on 03/01/2016.
*Author for correspondence:
† . Master of Science in
Business Controllership
Mackenzie University
Link: Professor at Insper
Address: Rua Quatá, 300 –
04546-042 – São Paulo -SP
E- mail:
Phone: (11)4504-2350
Doctor of Science in
Accounting from the University
of São Paulo
Link: Associate Professor at
University Mackenzie and Insper
Address: Rua da Consolação ,
896 - building 60 , Sao Paulo SP ,
01302-907 .
E- mail:
Phone: (11 ) 2114-82973 Fax: (
11) 21148816
¥ Doctor of Science in
administration from the
School of Business of São
Paulo - FGV
Link: Neoma Business School
Professor
Address: 59 Rue Pierre
Taittinger , 51100 Reims,
France
E-mail: yen-
Phone: +33 ( 0 ) 783 743 283
‡ Doctor of Science in
Accounting from the
University of São Paulo
Link : Associate Professor
University of São Paulo
Address: Rua Prof. Luciano
Gualberto , 908, FEA 3 ,
University City , São Paulo,
SP , CEP 05508-010 .
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: (11) 30915820 Fax:
(11) 30915822
Note from the Editor: This paper was accepted by Bruno Felix.
This article has a Creative Commons License - Attribution 3.0 Not Adapted.
56
The Use of Management Control Systems and Operations Management
Techniques
Edelcio Koitiro Nisiyama †
Insper Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa
José Carlos Tiomatsu Oyadomari Ω
Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / Insper Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa
Chen Yen-Tsang ¥
Neoma Business School
Andson Braga de Aguiar ±
Universidade de São Paulo - USP
ABSTRACT
It is well known that both management control systems (MCSs) and operations management
(OM) are related to firm performance; however, an integrated study that involves MCS and
OM within the context of firm performance is still lacking. This research aimed to examine
the relationships among the use of MCSs and OM techniques and firm performance in the
Brazilian auto parts industry. Simons’ levers of control framework was used to characterise
the uses of MCSs, and OM techniques, such as total quality management (TQM) and
continuous improvement programmes, were adopted. The results obtained through the
structural equation modelling indicated that the diagnostic use of MCSs is positively
associated with the goals of cost reduction. In addition, the interactive use of MCSs is
positively associated with the objectives of introducing new products, which is consistent
with previous research. Additionally, OM techniques are positively related to cost reduction
but have no direct relationship with the introduction of new products.
Keywords: Management control system. Operations management techniques. Performance.
Diagnostic use. Interactive use.
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1 INTRODUCTION
n the framework developed by Simons (1995, 2000), the use of MCSs is classified as
diagnostic use and interactive use. This approach has been used to analyse the effects
of MCSs and their relationships with organisational competences (AGBEJULE, 2011;
BISBE; OTLEY, 2004; WIDENER, 2007; FERREIRA; OTLEY, 2006; HENRI,
2006a). For example, Henri (2006a) presented the first research with the dimension of
use, including both interactive and diagnostic use, grounded on the resource-based
view (RBV) through an examination of the relationships of the use of an MCS with
organisational capabilities and performance.
Previous studies have reported dissonant results, both in the studies of the use of MCSs
(HENRI, 2006a; BISBE; OTLEY, 2004) and in the studies of OM techniques, such as quality
programmes (CORREDOR; GOÑI, 2011; CUA; MCKONE; SCHROEDER, 2001;
O’REAGAN; SIMS; GHOBADIAN, 2004; REED; LEMAK; MERO, 2000). Such
differences suggest the need for new empirical research involving MCSs and OM techniques.
The auto parts industry in Brazil is particularly interesting because of its global environment
and because it is formed by firms of various sizes in a highly competitive context. The
automotive industry chain as a whole is characterised by constant innovations and cost
reduction programmes, which constitute a favourable environment for our research.
Beyond MCSs, it is also well known from the OM literature that companies can achieve
sustainable competitive advantages through their operations (FERDOWS; DE MEYER, 1990;
FLYNN; FLYNN, 2004; WHEELWRIGHT; HAYES, 1985; WHEELWRIGHT, 1984).
According to OM researchers, operations must assume a strategic importance within
companies (FERDOWS; DE MEYER, 1990; SKINNER, 1969; WHEELWRIGHT, 1984).
More recently, several studies have demonstrated the positive influence of operations on
company performance (PENG; SCHROEDER; SHAH, 2008; POWELL, 1995; WATSON;
BLACKSTONE; GARDINER, 2007).
This research aimed to analyse the relationships between the use of MCSs and OM
techniques and performance by conducting a study on a specific industry and using as a base
the competitive advantage combined with the operational capabilities propitiated by
operational routines. The diagnostic and interactive uses of MCSs as well as the effects of
OM techniques—which primarily involve TQM and continuous improvement practices—
I
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were analysed in terms of the improvement of performance through cost reduction and new
product introduction.
The main contributions of the paper are threefold. The first contribution is related to the
nature of the research, which focused on Automotive Components Industry, differently of
Oyadomari et al (2011) who have conducted the study in several economy industry.
Repetitive studies in different contexts can be a fruitful means of developing a cumulative
body of knowledge (MALMI; GRANLUND, 2009). Second, research on MCSs in
combination with other disciplines have been suggested to enable integrated analyses to
produce different outcomes (ANDERSON, 2007; MALMI; GRANLUND, 2009; NIXON;
BURNS, 2012). From such a perspective, this study investigates the effects of MCSs and OM
techniques that are used in the same organizational environment. The results of this study are
also expected to contribute to the diversity of research to increase the understanding of
management practices. Third, this paper also presents practitioners with evidence on how the
MCS and OM techniques influence both cost reduction and new product launching, in
accordance with the call of Malmi and Granlund (2009) for further studies to provide insights
into issues that are of practical interest to the objectives of practitioners. The research
confirmed that diagnostic use positively influences cost reduction, with a resulting positive
influence on performance. It was also confirmed that interactive use is positively associated
with the launching of new products but with less intensity, which suggests that new product
launching is influenced by other variables that are not captured in this research. This study
also confirmed the research hypothesis by showing that the use of OM techniques is
positively associated with cost reduction, but we cautiously note that the use of important
tools, such as Six Sigma, remains low.
This article is organised in five sections, including this introduction. In Section 2, the
theoretical background for this work is presented. Section 3 includes the methodological
aspects, and the results are presented and discussed in Section 4. Final comments are provided
in Section 5.
2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 USE OF MCSS AND PERFORMANCE
Diagnostic control systems - which are used to motivate, monitor and reward the
achievement of specific goals—are essential management tools to transform intended
strategies into realised strategies (SIMONS, 2000). Through the diagnostic use of an MCS,
managers can measure outcomes by comparing them with the planned results and with
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organisational goals. Three features distinguish diagnostic control systems: (i) the ability to
measure the outputs of a process, (ii) the existence of predetermined standards against which
results can be compared and (iii) the ability to correct deviations from standards (SIMONS,
1995). In addition, this diagnostic use facilitates the monitoring of intended strategies that are
not realised; thus, diagnostic use is focused on the traditional role of an MCS, generating
feedback information in strategy implementation. Under this situation, diagnostic systems is
designed for the sake of efficiency to deliver the value that they are intended to generate
(DAVILA, 2005), which is not beneficial for the innovation capability. This point of view
suggested by Davila (2005) is in line with concept of exploration and exploitation suggested
by researches in business strategy (ADLER et al., 2009; BENNER; TUSHMAN, 2003).
Such diagnostic use comprises the tracking of critical performance variables to monitor
and coordinate the intended strategies. The purpose of tracking performance variables is vital
once the performance of a company can be improved through alignment of strategies as
suggested by Joshi, Kathuria & Porth (2003). Additionally, the tracking of these performance
variables can also provide internal learning to the companies, then it is expected that it can
improve internal process and then manifests in operational performance (SCHROEDER;
BATES; JUNTTILA, 2002). In manufacturing firms, one competitive priority that is
commonly monitored is cost (HAYES; WHEELWRIGHT, 1984; PENG SCHROEDER;
SHAH, 2008; WARD et al., 1995). Therefore, it is expected that increased diagnostic use of
an MCS will be positively related to cost reduction. Thus, Hypothesis 1 (H1) was
established:
H1: There is a positive association between the diagnostic use of MCSs and
performance by means of cost reduction.
In competitive industries, innovation through new product development has become one
of the critical factors of company strategies (DAVILA, 2000; BROWN; EISENHARDT,
2004; KAPLAN; NORTON, 1996). Firms that do not develop new products assume a higher
risk because their products are vulnerable to changes in customer needs and preferences, new
technologies, shorter product life-cycles and increased competition (KOTLER, 2000). The
introduction of completely new products or services is the easiest identifiable means of
innovation, as customers can observe the changes immediately and can expect significant and
recurrent technological changes (DAVILA; EPSTEIN; SHELTON, 2007). In addition, the
frequent introduction of new products has been one of the most effective means of preventing
product imitation.
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Despite patent protection, the work of Kogut and Zander (1992) showed that two-thirds
of products are imitated by competing firms. For this reason, protection through frequent new
production introductions may assist in maintaining a competitive advantage because
continuous innovation significantly affects the achievement of superior organisational
performance (ROBERTS, 1999; ROBERTS; AMIT, 2003).
Taking the reasoning above, it is crucial for a company to adopt systems or processes
that can keep it in continuous innovation. From the firm monitoring perspective, differing
from diagnostic systems, interactive control systems provide managers with tools to influence
the experimentation and opportunity seeking that may result in emergent strategies (SIMONS,
1995). Interactive controls alert management about strategic uncertainties, problems and
opportunities and become the basis for managers to adapt rapidly to environmental changes,
leading into new strategies (ANTHONY; GOVINDARAJAN, 2008). Interactive controls
exist continually to challenge whether the existing strategies remain appropriate; thus, the
interactive use of control systems essentially supports the “devil’s advocate” role to ensure
that strategies are robust (OTLEY, 2003).
From the operational perspective, the interactive controls supports the exploitation
process of the firm, which is vital for both types of innovation (disruptive and continuous).
Then, it is reasonable to expect that the organizations that have adopted the interactive
controls should present an better performance in new product development than those that
have not (ADLER et al., 2009; BENNER; TUSHMAN, 2003). Both Henri (2006a) and
Oyadomari et al (2011) confirmed such reasoning showing that interactive use tends to have a
positive influence on organisational learning, innovation, entrepreneurship and market
orientation. However, the results obtained by Bisbe and Otley (2004) did not confirm the
association between greater interactive use and greater product innovation.
The divergence and the scarcity of research mentioned by Davila, Foster and Oyon
(2009) indicate that the relationship between the interactive use of an MCS and the innovation
process is not obvious. The present research, based on exploration concept and organizational
learning (BENNER & TUSHMAN, 2003, KOGUT AND ZANDER, 1992, HENRI, 2006a),
suggests that there will be a positive association between performance and interactive use. In
such a context, Hypothesis 2 (H2) was defined as follows:
H2: There is a positive association between the interactive use of MCSs and
organisational performance by means of new product introduction.
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2.2 OM TECHNIQUES AND PERFORMANCE
Since the 1980s, practices related to quality improvement have been increasingly
implemented (MICHELA; NOORI; JHA, 1996). One of the most well-known practice is total
quality management (TQM), which became popular in response to global competition, chiefly
in manufacturing firms that confronted strong competition from Japanese firms
(ANDERSON; RUNGTUSANATHAM; SCHROEDER, 1994; SCHROEDER; ROBINSON,
1991). In addition to TQM, some OM techniques and tools that have been applied in firms
include the following:
Kaizen – Continuous Improvement – Covering suggestion systems and teamwork
groups, Kaizen stimulates incremental improvements, with the concept of continuous
improvement also being encompassed by other management programmes, including TQM
(RECHT; WILDEROM, 1998).
Just in time (JIT) – JIT is a manufacturing programme with the primary goal of
continuously reducing and ultimately eliminating all forms of waste. The major forms of
waste include the work-in-process inventory and unnecessary delays in the flow of time
(CUA; MCKONE; SCHROEDER, 2001).
5 S – This participative organisational system for the work environment aims to provide
employees with better quality of life, ensure improvements in service quality, promote the
better organisation of ideas, and consequently generate higher productivity and cost reduction.
5 S is derived from the following Japanese words: Seiri (sense of utilisation), Seiton (sense of
organisation), Seiso (sense of cleanliness), Seiketsu (sense of health) and Shitsuke (sense of
self-discipline) (GAVIOLI; SIQUEIRA; SILVA, 2009).
Six Sigma – This management programme arose at the end of the 1980s at Motorola
and can be defined as a systematic and organised method for strategic process improvement
and new product and service development that relies on statistical methods and the scientific
method aimed at customer satisfaction (PINTO; CARVALHO; HO, 2006; ZU;
FREDENDALL; DOUGLAS, 2008).
In the broad literature review by Kaynak (2003), the following TQM practices were
identified: top management leadership, training, employee relations, quality data and
reporting, supplier quality management, product/service design and process management. In
the literature, quality management frameworks normally emphasise the importance of product
development by means of multifunctional teams and systematic process management. In
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addition, to ensure that organisations meet or exceed customer expectations, the focus is on
involvement of the management, the workforce, suppliers and customers (CUA; MCKONE;
SCHROEDER, 2001).
The dissemination of TQM practices and OM techniques occurred presumably because
of the main belief that they improve firm performance by means of defect and rework
reduction and waste elimination as well as improvements in product and process development
and alignment between business and operational strategy (FULLERTON et al., 2003;
HENDRICKS et al., 2007, WHEELWRIGHT, 1984). Thus, the reduction of costs is an
expected consequence of the implementation of OM techniques (CHENHALL, 1997;
HENDRICKS; SINGHAL, 1997; KAYNAK, 2003; POWELL, 1995).
In another study, Chenhall and Langfield-Smith (1998) provided evidence on how the
selection of variables related to strategy, management techniques and management accounting
practices can combine to affect performance. The authors reported that quality systems
provided greater benefits for more successful companies that emphasised product
differentiation strategies but not for high-performing companies using low-price strategies.
However, the authors observed that companies employing low-price strategies benefitted from
quality systems, perhaps because these systems were implemented to minimise waste, thereby
decreasing costs. Furthermore, Hendricks and Singhal (1997) provided strong evidence that
firms that have won quality awards outperform control firms with respect to operating
income-based measures. These authors cited reasonably strong evidence that quality-awarded
firms perform better in terms of sales growth and reported weak evidence of the more
successful cost control of such firms. Reed, Lemak and Montgomery (1996) argued that for
the conditions of a match between environmental uncertainty and firm orientation, market
advantages and product reliability can generate revenue growth and process efficiency; in
addition, product design efficiency can reduce a firm’s costs. Reed, Lemak and Mero (2000)
showed that the TQM process has the potential to create sustainable competitive advantages.
This opinion is shared by Chenhall (1997), who stated that TQM programmes provide the
potential for organisations to improve their profitability by assisting managers in the
development of quality as a competitive advantage.
However, there are some criticisms related to TQM practices, such as the significant
costs of and barriers to implementation. For example, critics suggest that TQM entails
excessive costs associated with retraining; requires an excessive amount of management time;
increases paperwork and formalities demanding unrealistic levels of employee commitments;
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emphasises processes rather than results; and fails to address the needs of small firms, service
firms and nonprofits (HARARI, 1997; ITTNER; LARCKER, 1997; POWELL, 1995).
The findings of Powell (1995) support the conclusion that TQM can produce economic
value for a firm but not necessarily for all TQM adopters. The success of TQM
implementation fundamentally depends on the commitment of top management, an
organisation’s openness and employee empowerment. Furthermore, O’Regan, Sims and
Ghobadian (2004) found no correlation between the use of TQM and profitability and actually
found that high-achieving companies tend to be less interested in these techniques than those
with lower gross profits per employee. In another study, Corredor and Goñi (2011) suggested
that the implementation of a TQM system has no significant effect on firm performance. Their
evidence showed that only early adopters experience performance gains because of TQM
implementation and that the greatest effect on performance occurs a year after receiving
external recognition for implementing the system. This research also investigated quality-
awarded firms, and the findings contrast with the results of Hendricks and Singhal (1997).
As shown in the previous paragraphs, previous empirical studies have yielded
controversial results with regard to the influence of OM techniques on organisational
performance. As can been seen in those previous researches, the controversial results relies on
the adoption of the organizational performance, once it is influenced not only by operational
capability or techniques, but also by many other variables such as strategic decisions,
marketing actions, financial strategies and so on (RAY, BARNEY, & MUHANNA, 2004).
The present study has no ambition to put up an end to this discussion, but we believe that OM
techniques, through, its quality philosophies can impact positively in cost reduction, which is
an operational performance suggested by Ray, Barney and Muhanna (2004). Under such a
context, Hypothesis 3 (H3) was defined:
H3: OM techniques are positively associated with operational performance by
means of cost reduction.
Differentiation strategies require that firms deliver high-quality products and services
that satisfy customer needs. As firms frequently seek methods of persuading customers that
their products are of high quality, quality management techniques or quality certifications can
play a relevant role in firm strategies (CHENHALL; LANGFIELD-SMITH, 1998).
Management techniques, such as TQM and some other OM techniques, comprise not
only quality principles but also continuous improvement and organisational learning
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principles that are included in the practices of innovation management (ADLER et al., 2009;
BENNER; TUSHMAN, 2002; PRAJOGO; SOHAL, 2001). Teamwork, involvement,
employee empowerment and customer focus are characteristics of OM techniques that can
create a propitious environment for the innovation process, both for product innovation and
for process innovation. In their literature review on the relationship between TQM and
innovation, Prajogo and Sohal (2001) concluded that this relationship is complex and
ambiguous. There are favourable arguments, as mentioned above, but there are also negative
arguments, such as the following: (a) a focus entirely on incremental improvements, (b) the
enforcement of standards and formalisation that hinder creativity, (c) a focus on cost
efficiency that limits opportunities for innovation and (d) an emphasis on single-loop learning
rather than double-loop learning,
The findings of Prajogo and Sohal (2003) suggest that TQM is significantly and
positively related to both product quality and product innovation performance. However, its
contribution to innovation performance seems inferior to its contribution to quality
performance. Therefore, although this result rejected the arguments suggesting that TQM
could hinder innovation performance, caution must be exercised before claiming that TQM in
its own right is sufficient for achieving high-innovation performance. The findings of those
authors indicate a positive and significant relationship between quality performance and
innovation performance, particularly process innovation. Furthermore, Perdomo-Ortiz,
González-Benito and Galende (2006) presented statistical evidence that suggested a positive
relationship between TQM and business innovation capabilities. Their study provides
elements of judgement to affirm that the so-called quality practices represent a forerunner to
the accumulation of innovation capabilities. Martínez-Costa and Martínez-Lorente (2008)
used structural equation modelling (SEM) to show that TQM is an excellent environment for
fostering innovation in companies. These authors also provided evidence to support the
conclusion that innovation and the implementation of a TQM system yield improvements in
company performance. By contrast, Singh and Smith (2004), who also used SEM, concluded
that the statistical evidence suggesting that TQM is related to innovation is insufficient. The
model presented in their study reflects a linear relationship between TQM constructs and
innovation; thus, it is possible that they are related in a more complex manner.
One of the explanations for these controversial results is the contingency perspective of
the OM techniques. As suggested by Benner and Tushman (2003), OM techniques that foster
efficiency, such as TQM and continuous improvement, will deliver operational performances
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under stable environments and poorer under turbulent conditions. To confirm expectations of
contingency perspective, Sousa and Voss (2001, 2008) have demonstrated the influences of
the plant’s manufacturing strategy on the process quality management.
Despite the controversial empirical results, Adler et al (2009) have suggested that the
incremental and radical innovation are complementary as well as exploration and exploitation
capability. As Farjoun (2010) complemented, exploitation (incremental innovation) enables
stability and mechanism for adaptability and exploration (disruptive innovation). Meanwhile,
exploration (disruptive innovation) doubts and stimulates discoveries and changes then,
challenge the current status quo to innovate and propose better and more reliable processes or
mindsets.
Taking the assumption of the complementary perspective of disruptive and incremental
innovation (ADLER et al 2009; FARJOUN, 2010), it is expected that OM techniques based
on incremental improvements will provide foundations for disruptive innovations. This
innovation capability can help an organization to introduce frequently new products into the
market as a mean to discourage its imitator (KOGUT; ZANDER, 1992), consequently, retains
its competitive advantages temporary (Brown and Eisenhardt, 2004). With this motivation, we
established Hypothesis 4 (H4):
H4: There is a positive association between OM techniques and the organisational
performance by means of new product introduction.
3 RESEARCH METHOD
The primary data were collected through questionnaires. Before the quantitative survey
was conducted, a qualitative evaluation was performed to determine the adherence of the
researched theme, to evaluate the understanding and validity of the questions in relation to the
research objectives and to perform a pre-test with a group of potential respondents. Such a
procedure was intended to increase the likelihood that the survey terminology reflects the
respondents’ frame of reference (VAN DER STEDE; YOUNG; CHEN, 2005).
During the interviews in the qualitative phase, it was noted that the quality programmes
could be an important issue for companies in the auto parts industry. New manufacturing
plants have been planned by newcomers in the automotive industry in Brazil, which has of
course resulted in new opportunities for the auto parts industry. Quality programmes and
quality certifications tend to be among the requirements for new businesses.
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Following Van der Stede, Young and Chen (2005), this research specifies the target
population as the managers of firms and business units, and the survey population is the
managers of firms that are associated with Sindipeças (National Union for the Automotive
Components Industry). Sindipeças encompasses approximately 500 associates comprising
small, medium and large companies in the auto parts industry.
Initially, a presentation letter was sent to 512 Sindipeças associates by e-mail.
Subsequently, phone calls were also made based on the phone list provided by Sindipeças.
Among the 101 questionnaires returned, 98 were validated to serve as the research base,
which resulted in a response rate of 19%.
3.1 MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
In this study, cost reduction was used as an indicator of operational performance. For
innovation competence, the adopted indicator was new product introduction.
The questions related to the constructs of diagnostic use (four questions) and interactive
use (seven questions) were fully translated from the work of Henri (2006a). The variables for
the performance construct (six indicators) were adapted from the studies of Bisbe and Otley
(2004) and Govindarajan (1984). The construct OM techniques (five indicators) includes the
practices that were mentioned by the interviewees during the first phase of the research in
accordance with the main literature.
A Likert scale was adopted because of its advantage of providing several statements in a
list of objective answers with little space and its simplicity for respondents (COLLINS;
HUSSEY, 2005). A seven-point scale was adopted for most of the questionnaire. The
questionnaire items are shown in Appendix.
3.2 DATA ANALYSIS
The hypotheses of relationships established in this research were tested through SEM,
which is a multivariate analysis technique that is used to explain relationships of multiple and
interrelated dependency by combining aspects of factor analysis and multiple regression
analysis (HAIR JR. et al., 2009).
Smith and Langfield-Smith (2004) suggested that SEM could be used in management
accounting research to analyse the effects of relationships among environment, strategy,
structure and control systems on organisational effectiveness, which is precisely the aim of
this research. Furthermore, the use of SEM has been increasing in the accounting empirical
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research (CADEZ; GUILDING, 2008; CHENHALL, 2005; HENRI, 2006a; NARANJO-GIL;
HARTMANN, 2007).
We used the software SmartPLS 2.0 (RINGLE; WENDE; WILL, 2005), which utilises
the PLS method. This method can be applied for small samples and can also accommodate
non-normal data (SMITH; LANGFIELD-SMITH, 2004). For more detailed information and
example of PLS and SmartPLS, we recommend the following readings: Ringle, Silva and
Bido (2014) and Hair, Hult and Ringle (2014).
4 RESULTS
4.1 MEASUREMENT MODEL
Initially, a test for convergent validity was performed (Table 1). Because all but two of
the variables presented loadings exceeding 0.6 and the two that did not were close to 0.60, we
chose not to exclude any variables. All of the constructs presented average variance extracted
(AVE) values above 0.50 (Table 1). The rate of composite reliability and the Cronbach’s
alphas exceeded the cutoff value of 0.70 (HAIR JR. et al., 2009).
Table 1 - Reliability and Model Validity
AVE
Composite
Reliability R Square
Cronbach’s
Alpha
Performance (PERF) 0.573 0.888 0.465 0.847
New Product Introduction (NPROD) 1.000 1.000 0.055 1.000
Cost Reduction (COST) 1.000 1.000 0.180 1.000
Management Techniques (MTEC) 0.542 0.853 - 0.826
Diagnostic Use (DIAG) 0.789 0.937 - 0.911
Interactive Use (INTER) 0.787 0.963 - 0.955
The discriminant validity is confirmed in Table 2. The diagonal in bold contains the
square roots of the average extracted variances (AVE). All of the correlations are lower than
the amounts of the square roots of the AVE, indicating that the constructs are correlated but
distinct.
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Table 2 - Correlation Matrix
PERF NPROD COST MTEC DIAG INTE
R
Performance (PERF) 0.757 - - - - -
New Product Introduction
(NPROD)
0.505 1.000 - - - -
Cost Reduction (COST) 0.627 0.416 1.000 - - -
Management Techniques (MTEC) 0.367 0.145 0.363 0.736 - -
Diagnostic Use (DIAG) 0.366 0.254 0.373 0.511 0.888 -
Interactive Use (INTER) 0.393 0.233 0.383 0.552 0.792 0.887
4.2 STRUCTURAL MODEL
Table 3 shows the regression coefficients and the t-values, and Figure 1 displays the
relationship diagram showing the t-values (the values are below the arrows that link the
variables or constructs).
Table 3 - Path Coefficients
Original
Sample (O)
Standard
Error
(STERR)
T-Statistics
(|O/STERR|) p-value
New Product Introduction (NPROD) -> Performance
(PERF)
0.296 0.077 3.854 0.0001
Cost Reduction (COST) -> Performance (PERF) 0.504 0.070 7.204 0.0000
Management Techniques (MTEC) -> NPROD 0.024 0.089 0.275 0.7834
Management Techniques (MTEC) -> COST 0.233 0.097 2.404 0.0164
Diagnostic Use (DIAG) -> COST 0.254 0.094 2.690 0.0073
Interactive Use (INTER) -> NPROD 0.219 0.108 2.034 0.0001
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Diagnostic
Use
Interactive
Use
OM
Techniques
Cost
Reduction
R2 = 0.18
New Product
Introduction
R2 = 0.055
Performance
R2 = 0.465
0.2542.69
0. 23
3
2. 40
0.0240.275
0.2 19
2.0 3
0.5047.2
0 .2
9 6
3 .8
5
The values above the arrow are the coefficients
The values below the arrow are t-values
Figure 1: PLS Model
All of the relationships were considered significantly positive with a level of
significance of 0.05, except for the relationship between management techniques and new
product introduction, for which no statistical significance was identified.
4.3 DISCUSSION
H1, which proposes the relationship between the diagnostic use of MCSs and the
reduction of costs, was supported. Regardless of the level of development of a firm’s MCS or
of the specific information system used by managers, such diagnostic use has the traditional
function of a feedback system (SIMONS, 2000), such that managers can evaluate the results
from their actions in their firm’s operations. This diagnostic use allows for the monitoring and
accomplishment of the critical performance variables by ensuring an explicit top-down
linkage of intended strategies to lower-level goals and the coordination of resources and
action plans as well as by providing benchmarks for corrective actions (SIMONS, 1995).
The operational costs of a firm typically constitute one of the main performance
variables, notably in the competitive auto parts industry; thus, cost reduction projects are
recurrent in firms. In the area of operations, for instance, among the competitive priorities, it
is common to emphasise competence in cost reduction (FULLERTON; MCWATTERS;
FAWSON, 2003; HAYES; WHEELWRIGHT, 1984; SCHROEDER; BATES; JUNTTILA,
2002; WARD et al., 1995).
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The association between diagnostic use and cost reduction is consistent with the
perception of the culture of control within the auto parts industry. The firms in this industry
have large carmakers as references that exert price pressure on the entire supply chain. The
heavy competition and targets that are imposed by carmakers require constant operations
monitoring.
The control values refer to predictability, stability, formality, rigidity and conformity
(HENRI, 2006b; AGBEJULE, 2011). Firms under the predominance of a control culture are
oriented towards efficiency and tend to promote tight control of their operations. Thus, it is
natural that auto parts firms use the MCS with a diagnostic focus to search for means of cost
reduction, as confirmed in this research.
Additionally, the diagnostic uses of MCS enhance the strategic alignment between
business and operational strategy, which manifest in cost reduction. This result supports prior
study of Joshi, Kathuria, & Porth (2003) where strategic alignment was investigated and not
necessary well practiced by all the companies.
H2, which proposes the relationship between the interactive use of MCSs and new
product introduction, was supported at a 0.05 level of significance. This result also indicates
that interactive use can be potentially improved to ensure that greater benefits can be
produced in the innovation process. Interactive use stimulates the pursuit of opportunities and
encourages the emergence of new strategic initiatives (SIMONS, 1995). Strategic
uncertainties constantly threaten the intended strategies of firms, invalidating previous
assumptions; thus, interactive use allows the emerging of new strategies through the dialogue,
debate and learning that surround the interactive process (SIMONS, 1995). The uncertainties
of a strategic nature refer to fundamental changes in different environments that can
potentially break the rules under which an organisation is operating (ANTHONY;
GOVINDARAJAN, 2008). Changes in consumer preferences, technologies in constant
evolution and substitute products are examples of threats or opportunities of which the
interactive use of an MCS can provide full awareness to enable the reevaluation of a firm’s
strategy. Under this scenario, innovation through new products has become a relevant factor
in the strategies of firms.
According to Toledo et al. (2008) in their research of the Brazilian auto parts industry,
70% of firms cited the trend of a growing number of new product introductions. In addition,
the introduction of new products with lower and lower costs is frequently a mandatory
condition. In the auto parts industry, such a situation is typical. For this reason, the results of
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this research, which offers evidence that firms use MCSs interactively and that there is a
positive relationship with new product introductions, are particularly important for the auto
parts industry.
The validation of this hypothesis of association between the interactive use of MCSs
and the innovation process through new product introductions is consistent with the work of
Henri (2006a), who demonstrated the influence of interactive use on organisational
capabilities, including innovation.
To reinforce the discussion, as the interactive use of MCSs support challenging
mindsets and learning philosophies, it enables the development of exploration capability of
the organization, which manifest in the new product introduction into the market (BENNER
& TUSHMAN, 2003).
In the current study, H3 was also supported because the statistical data analyses
indicated that there is a positive relationship between the use of OM techniques and cost
reduction. The OM practices that were analysed refer to the concepts of quality programmes
whose main model is the TQM. TQM comprises a series of practices that emphasises
continuous improvement, the fulfilment of customer requirements, teamwork and employee
involvement, competitive benchmarking, team-based problem solving and closer relationships
with suppliers (POWELL, 1995). These basic assumptions target the sustainability of the
quality of products and processes, the increased satisfaction of clients and employees, lower
costs and improvements in organisational performance.
Some of the activities involved in these practices are directly linked to efficiency
improvement and cost reduction. For example, the elimination of waste and continuous
improvement in processes with reduced waiting time between production phases tend to
reduce production costs. Other activities, such as multifunctional teamwork and training, may
indirectly promote cost reduction (KAYNAK, 2003).
In the auto parts industry, such management practices have been propitiated and, in
many cases, required by customers, primarily carmakers. The requirements for quality
certifications stimulate the adoption of management practices directed towards quality
programmes. However, the implementation of these techniques can be conducted either in a
comprehensive and planned manner or in a partial and limited arrangement aimed at only
certain certifications. The evidence from this research shows that the utilisation of these
techniques in the auto parts industry still presents relative variability, indicating that the
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utilisation rate remains reasonably variable or that the implementation stages of the
programmes differ between firms.
The results of this research suggest that the adoption of management techniques in firms
under the predominance of a control culture has positively influenced such firms in their
objective of cost reduction. This finding suggests that even under circumstances of partial
utilisation or implementation, these management techniques can favourably influence cost
reduction projects. The average utilisation rates are not high, indicating that there is potential
for improvement in the firms, especially in relation to Six Sigma and TQM.
Our findings also reinforce and support the contingency aspect of the relationship
between OM techniques and organizational performance (Sousa & Voss, 2001; 2008).
H4 was not supported, indicating that the association between management practices
and new product introduction is not statistically significant. The principles that characterise
OM practices such as TQM, including customer focus, employee participation and
involvement, top management commitment, relationship with suppliers and continuous
improvement processes, are arguments that are favourable to innovation capabilities
(PERDOMO-ORTIZ; GONZÁLEZ-BENITO; GALENDE, 2006). However, the results of
this research do not support this reasoning in relation to new product introduction.
Furthermore, factors such as process standardisation and formalities in the internal
procedures that are perceived as negatively influencing the innovation process (HARARI,
1997) may counteract the favourable aspects in the process of new product introduction.
Another possible explanation is related to the benefits of these management practices,
which can occasionally emerge in other aspects of the innovation process. In some firms,
innovation efforts can be focused on improvements related to cost effectiveness. Thus, quality
systems may have been implemented to minimise waste and primarily developed to identify
cost reduction efforts (CHENHALL; LANGFIELD-SMITH, 1998). This contention is
coherent with the reality of the Brazilian auto parts industry, in which the main challenges
include global competition as well as price and cost pressures (ROLLI, 2011).
The heterogeneous organisational features in the auto parts industry in Brazil may have
also contributed to these results. Organisational characteristics, such as firm size, intensive
capital utilisation, TQM adoption time and management techniques maturity, may moderate
the benefits derived from TQM (HENDRICKS; SINGHAL, 2000). The characteristics of the
auto parts industry may also interfere in the relationship between management practices and
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product innovation because many projects developed in firms are actually projects that are
developed by the headquarters of multinational subsidiaries or by their customers (TOLEDO
et al., 2008).
Kaynak (2003) also indicated that partial TQM implementation can justify the failure to
receive the full benefits, as several TQM practices are interrelated. For instance, the
commitment of top management has a significant role in successful TQM implementation,
which significantly affects other TQM activities. Thus, without adequate management
commitment, the potential benefits of TQM can be impaired.
The research data indicate that the average rates of utilisation, primarily TQM and Six
Sigma, are relatively low; therefore, the results suggest that the utilisation level is not
sufficient to influence the process of new product introduction. Thus, these results suggest
opportunities for researchers to conduct further studies in an attempt to understand the
complex relationship between management techniques and innovation processes. For
example, such research could involve other variables and other relationship structures.
Furthermore, the results of the current study also suggest possible areas of improvement in the
innovation process through the use of OM techniques.
The implementation of management techniques strictly to obtain quality certification
may induce firms to focus only on the minimum requirements for certification, without the
effective acculturation and utilisation of management techniques. In such a scenario, the
potential benefits are only partial or incomplete.
5 FINAL COMMENTS
This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of the use of MCSs and OM techniques on
organisational performance through cost reduction and new product introduction. This
industry-focused research was performed in the auto parts industry by means of a survey with
the associated firms of the Brazilian National Union for the Automotive Components Industry
(Sindipeças).
The research provided statistical support for three of the four research hypotheses. The
relationships of the uses of MCSs were supported. In the Brazilian auto parts industry, the
diagnostic use of MCSs is positively associated with the goal of cost reduction, and the
interactive use is positively associated with the objectives of new product introduction. In
relation to the use of the OM techniques, this research confirmed that TQM positively
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influences the goals of cost reduction; however, the hypothesis of a positive association with
the objectives of new product introduction was not statistically supported.
The results should be interpreted by considering the limitations of examining the
perceptions of the managers of the firms in the sample, as their views may differ from the
perceptions of other managers. In addition, the sample was non-probabilistic; therefore, the
results cannot be generalised. Furthermore, as the modelling of any context simplifies reality,
other variables that were omitted from the model may have had an influence on the analysed
relationships.
With regard to business management, this research provides evidence of the importance
of the use of MCS in a firm’s strategic priorities. It should be emphasised that the diagnostic
use of MCSs contributes to cost reduction plans and that the interactive use of MCSs may
exert significant influence on innovation processes involving new product introduction. The
adoption of management techniques is also a factor contributing to cost reduction, although
there is no apparent benefit in the new product introduction process, which may be an
industry characteristic or may result from the specific sample, which included a relevant
portion of small and medium firms with low rates of TQM and Six Sigma implementation.
In addition to examining possible mediators or moderators in the relationships of the use
of MCSs and management techniques to improve organisational performance, future
researchers should consider contingent factors that may interfere with these relationships as
well as more qualitative studies.
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APPENDIX - QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS
Rate the extent to which the top management and management team use management
control tools to perform the activities below (1 = never used; 7 = very frequently used).
Mean Standard
Deviation
Loadings
DIAGNOSTIC USE
Track progress towards goals 5.93 1.06 0.8571
Monitor results 6.04 1.08 0.9165
Compare outcomes with expectations 5.92 1.07 0.8956
Review key measures 5.63 1.24 0.8825
INTERACTIVE USE
Enable discussion in meetings with superiors,
subordinates and peers 5.59 1.43 0.8220
Enable continual challenge and debate underlying data,
assumptions and action plans 5.29 1.38 0.8621
Provide a common view of the organisation 5.39 1.27 0.9056
Tie the organisation together 5.53 1.21 0.9172
Enable the organisation to focus on common issues 5.43 1.19 0.8632
Enable the organisation to focus on critical success
factors 5.46 1.19 0.9383
Develop a common vocabulary in the organisation 5.29 1.23 0.8967
The Use of Management Control Systems and Operations Management Techniques
82
BBR, Vitória, v. 13, n. 2, Art. 3, p. 56 - 81, mar.-abr. 2016 www.bbronline.com.br
For each of the following indicators, rate the extent to which the results of the company
are well below (1) to well above (7) the expected outcomes.
Mean Standard
Deviation
Loadings
NEW PRODUCT INTRODUCTION 4.80 1.22
COST REDUCTION 4.84 1.22
PERFORMANCE
Sales growth 5.28 1.13 0.7582
Return on investments 4.86 1.28 0.8446
Profit margin 4.50 1.33 0.8079
Customer satisfaction 5.56 0.94 0.5577
Market share 5.06 1.20 0.7422
Global performance 4.96 1.25 0.7967
For the programmes below, rate the extent to which each of them is used in your
company (1 = very little; 7 = very much); indicate N/A if an item is not applicable in your
company.
Mean Standard
Deviation
Loadings
MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
Six Sigma 2.45 2.56 0.5929
5S 4.47 2.31 0.6916
TQM 3.81 2.57 0.6745
Kaizen (Continuous Improvement Programme) 4.33 2.38 0.797
Suggestion Programme 4.03 2.27 0.8873
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