Discussions regarding Professional Competency Concerning Corporal Punishment

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Child Sexual Abuse

Chapter 5

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Definitions of Child Sexual Abuse

  • What is child sexual abuse (CSA)?
  • Defining sexual abuse
  • Noncontact CSA
  • Intention of the perpetrator
  • Exertion of power/control over the child victim
  • Age differences between perpetrator and victim
  • Types of abuse
  • Clusters of definitions
  • Impact of definitions
  • Cultural context

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse

  • Disclosure Variability
  • Accuracy of records compiled by Child Protective Services (CPS)
  • School-based CSA programs and disclosure
  • Medical personnel and disclosure
  • Memory Issues, CSA, and Disclosure
  • Memory capacity
  • Memory accuracy in the laboratory
  • Memory accuracy in the real-world
  • Victim fabrication of CSA

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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Estimates of Child Sexual Abuse

  • Official estimates
  • DHHS (2008) identified 758,289 maltreated children, Department of Health and Human Services – Uses only records from Child Protective Services
  • NIS-4 (2005-2006) identified 1,256,600 maltreated children
  • National Incidence Study – Uses data from CPS, professionals, school counselors, and others (Sedlak et al., 2010)The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2008) identified
  • Trends in reported child sexual abuse
  • Increasing rates
  • Decreasing rates

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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Characteristics of Victims

  • Age of CSA victims – varies from infancy to 18 with most cases between 12-14 years of age
  • Gender of CSA victims-female are more likely to be victims
  • Race of CSA victims are heterogeneous
  • Socioeconomic status (SES) – varies but children in lower SES are more vulnerable
  • Potential for self-blame among victims of CSA

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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Characteristics of Child Sexual Abuse Perpetrators

  • Nontraditional parenting
  • Age of perpetrators is often between 30 and 40 years – a significant number are under 18 years of age
  • Gender of perpetrators are likely to be males (93%) than females (about 7%)
  • Female Child Sexual Abuse Perpetrators
  • Race of perpetrators are heterogeneous
  • Socioeconomic status (SES)

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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Dynamics and Consequences Associated With Child Sexual Abuse

  • Dynamics of Child Sexual Abuse
  • Severity of abuse
  • Initiation of abuse
  • Grooming
  • Online molesters
  • Child Pornography
  • Prostitution

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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Effects of Child Sexual Abuse

  • Initial effects
  • Mimicking sexual behavior
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
  • Psychopathology effects
  • Long-term effects of child sexual abuse
  • Emotional
  • Interpersonal
  • Sexual adjustment
  • Behavior dysfunction
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

*

Factors That Increase Trauma Experienced by CSA Victims

  • Long duration of abuse
  • Polyvictimization
  • The severity of the abuse
  • Abuse by someone who is a parental figure or trusted acquaintance
  • Abuse that involves invasive forms of sexual activity
  • Negative reactions by significant others to the disclosure of abuse

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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Explaining Child Sexual Abuse

  • Risk factors associated with child sexual abuse
  • Explaining CSA – Focus on the victim
  • Explaining CSA – Focus on the offender
  • Deviant sexual arousal-pedophilia
  • Plethysmography
  • Childhood history of sexual abuse
  • Adolescent sex offenders
  • Sexual abused-sexual abuser hypothesis

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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Explaining Child Sexual Abuse

  • Explaining CSA – Focus on the family
  • Mother’s behavior-early view
  • Mother’s behavior-contemporary view
  • General characteristics of the family
  • Focus on society and culture
  • Media input
  • Integrative theories

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues

  • Practice (treatment) issues
  • Countertransference
  • A victim’s sexualized behavior
  • Recollecting one’s victimization
  • Therapists’ susceptibility to vicarious traumatization
  • Therapy for CSA survivors
  • Treatment for offenders

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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Types of Treatment

  • Medical approaches
  • Insight therapies
  • Family system approaches
  • Cognitive-behavioral techniques

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

*

Policy for Child Sexual Abuse

  • Legal Issues
  • Adam Walsh Child Protection & Safety Act of 2006
  • Case management considerations
  • Interviewing child abuse victims
  • Child Advocacy Centers (CACs)
  • Police interviewing of CSA victims
  • Prosecution of CSA victims
  • Mandatory reporting laws

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

  • Education programs for children
  • Outcomes of school-based programs
  • Critics of programs
  • Parental role in child education

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

© 2011SAGE Publications

© 2011SAGE Publications

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