Discussions regarding Professional Competency Concerning Corporal Punishment

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Child Physical Abuse

Chapter 4

What Is Child Physical Abuse?

Definitions of Child Physical Abuse (CPA)
Harm standard
Endangerment standard
Physical Punishment and Child Rearing
Protective use of force
Physical Discipline-The Debate
Sociological objections
Learners researchers
Neurobiological effects of punishment
Spillover effects of spanking
Children’s assessments of punishment

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Prevalence/Incidence of Child Physical Abuse

Official estimates
Injuries
Child Death Review Teams
Neonaticidal mothers
Self-Report Surveys
Family Violence Survey, 1985
Survey with improved CTS
Trends in rate of physical abuse

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Effects of Child Physical Abuse on Children

“Children who experience physical maltreatment are more likely than their nonabused counterparts to exhibit physical, behavioral, and emotional impairments.”

Barnett, 2010, p.152

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Long-Term Effects Associated With Child Physical Abuse

Physical and Mental Health of CPA victims
Injuries
Pain
Specific illness
Criminal and Violent Behavior
Criminal behavior of CPA victims
Interpersonal violence
Genetic contributions
Substance Abuse

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Long-Term Effects Associated With Child Physical Abuse

Socioemotional Difficulties
Mediators/moderators of Abuse Effects
Frequency severity, and duration of abuse
Polyvictimization
Prior involvement with child protective services
Child’s attributions
Family stress
Sociocultural factors
Child’s intellectual functioning
Relationships between the victim and abuser
Trauma symptoms
Child’s temperament and social support

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Expanded Discussion of Individual Effects of Child Physical Abuse

Medical and Neurobiological Problems
Neurobiological injuries
Cognitive Problems
Behavioral Problems
Bullying in middle school
Difficulties With Psychopathology
Research Issues

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Characteristics of Children Who Are Physically Abused

Age
Gender
Socioeconomic status
Race
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2008)

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Characteristics of Adults Who Physically Abuse Children

Age
Gender and Parental type
Race
Relationship of perpetrator to the abused child
Nontraditional parenting

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Psychological, Interpersonal, and Biological Characteristics of Adults Who Physically Abuse Children

Emotional and behavioral difficulties
Family and interpersonal difficulties
Parenting difficulties
Biological factors

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Expanded Discussion of Psychological, Interpersonal, and Biological Characteristics of Adults Who Physically Abuse Children

Biological factors
Emotional and behavioral characteristics of perpetrators
Family and interpersonal difficulties of perpetrators

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Explaining Child Physical Abuse

The individual psychopathology model--mentally ill parent
Postpartum Depression/Psychosis
Prevalence of postpartum depression
Causes of postpartum depression
Public reactions
Medical responses
Treatment
Prevention

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Explaining Child Physical Abuse

Munchausen by Proxy
The difficult child model
Parent-Child interaction model
Social Learning theory
Situational and societal conditions
Stress
Military families
Children’s behavior during deployment
Stress related to intimate partner violence

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Explaining Child Physical Abuse

Cultural acceptance of corporal punishment
Predicting injury from physical punishment
Evangelical parenting
Risk factors for child physical abuse
Polyvictimization/overlapping risk factors
Protective factors – reduce likelihood of abuse

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Contemporary Theories of Child Physical Abuse

Transactional theories focus on the importance of factors such as the characteristic of the individual, family, community, and culture to explain child maltreatment
More than one theory may help explain child physical abuse

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues

Practice (Treatment) for CPA
Treatment for physically abusive adults
Parent-Focused treatment
In-Home treatments
Behavior-Based treatment programs
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
Alternatives for Families: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT)
The Combined Parent-Child Cognitive Behavioral Treatment (CPC-CBT)
Therapeutic day care

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Policy Toward Physical Child Abuse
Legal perspectives
The incredible years
Parental support interventions
Treatment by CPS agencies
Out-of-home care (foster care) and family preservation
Fathers supporting success
Mandatory reporting
Prosecuting individuals who abuse children
Human rights violation
Cross-cultural responses
Medical policies

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition

Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues

Research issues
Prevention of child physical abuse
Medical settings
Anticipatory guidance
Public awareness
Grandparenting

Family Violence Across the Lifespan, 3rd Edition