540 M9 Adolescents

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Nhazanu Yekeh Pessima

AUT 540 M8

OUTLINE for final Paper

7/23/2023

Topic: The importance of parent training in the treatment of an individual with Autism Spectrum Disease. (ASD)

I) Role of parents training in the Care and Treatment of Individuals

a. Autism Spectrum Disorder is a threatening condition affecting people of all ages

b. Various research has been conducted to illustrate the importance of training parents on how to handle such victims (Rohacek et al., 2022)

c. Fewer efforts have been made to educate parents

d. “Although the evidence of parent training programs for families of autistic children has continued to grow, little is known about the experiences and perceptions of key stakeholders, especially in low- and middle-income countries (Fang et al., 2022).”

II) Training programs for parents

a. Parents from low-income families have been given priority since they lack resources (Boydston et al., 2022)

b. The need to understand individuals with this disorder has been emphasized (Li et al., 2022)

c. An intensive methodology has been adopted involving a variety of approaches (Frye et al., 2022)

d. Parents should monitor the individual development from an early developmental stage (Buch et al., 2023)

III) Hygiene measures

a) Maintaining body hygiene is critical in the prevention of emerging diseases

b) “Hygiene intervention also reduced the severity of child behavior problems interfering with home oral hygiene (Fang et al., 2022)”.

c) Parents must train the individuals on basic hygiene practices for survival and independency (Bitan et al., 2022)

IV) Delivery methods used

a) A variety of approaches were utilized to equip the parents with skills on how to live the ASD individuals (Curtis, 2022)

b) Feedback, modeling, and practices were some of the practices used in the procedure (Curtis, 2022)

c) Further, demonstrations were made involving parent monitoring to access their performance levels (Curtis, 2022)

d) Support from family was also adopted for the individuals to experience love and care (Curtis, 2022)

V) Community involvement

a. Society at large should support parents with ASD individuals in the growth process (Lipinski et al., 2022)

b. Community organizations such as churches and schools should plan programs that suit their needs (Chan et al., 2023)

c. At school, the most appropriate resources should be equipped for learning (Ghanouni and Quirke, 2023).

d. Other family members and relatives must learn to live with them without discrimination (Pellicano et al., 2022)

VI) Challenges faced in the process of training

a. Inadequate finances for parents from poor backgrounds to cater for the training expenses (Fenning et al., 2022)

b. Stigmatization from the community where the affected victims are isolated from others (McCrossin et all, 2023)

c. Inability to satisfy basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter (Drüsedau et al, 2023)

d. Lack of support from the government and discrimination in terms of job opportunities (Jonkman et al., 2022)

VII) Conclusion

a. Review of existing literature

b. Giving feedback

c. Recommendations for future research

d. Followup of implementations made

References

Boydston, P., Redner, R., & Wold, K. (2022). Examination of a telehealth-based parent training program in rural or underserved areas for families impacted by autism. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1-17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36533165/

Bitan, D. T., Krieger, I., & Weinstein, O. (2022). Challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic among individuals with autism spectrum disorder. JAMA psychiatry.

Buch, A. M., Vértes, P. E., Seidlitz, J., Kim, S. H., Grosenick, L., & Liston, C. (2023). Molecular and network-level mechanisms explaining individual differences in autism spectrum disorder. Nature Neuroscience, 26(4), 650-663.

Curtis, D. (2022). Examining the Effects of an Online Social Skills Program Targeting Emotional Regulation Skills for a Young Adult with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Single Case Study. Minnesota State University, Mankato.

Chan, D. V., Doran, J. D., & Galobardi, O. D. (2023). Beyond friendship: The spectrum of social participation of autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(1), 424-437.

Drüsedau, L. L., Götz, A., Kleine Büning, L., Conzelmann, A., Renner, T. J., & Barth, G. M. (2023). Tübinger Training for Autism Spectrum Disorders (TüTASS): a structured group intervention on self-perception and social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 1-15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36629941/

Fang, Z., Lachman, J. M., Zhang, C., Qiao, D., & Barlow, J. (2022). A virtuous circle: Stakeholder perspectives of a short-term intensive parent training program delivered within the context of routine services for autism in China. Autism, 26(8), 1973-1986.

Fenning, R. M., Butter, E. M., Macklin, E. A., Norris, M., Hammersmith, K. J., McKinnon-Bermingham, K., ... & Steinberg-Epstein, R. (2022). Parent training for dental care in underserved children with autism: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 149(5), e2021050691. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35211746/

Frye, R. E., Rose, S., Boles, R. G., & Rossignol, D. A. (2022). A personalized approach to evaluating and treating autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(2), 147.

Ghanouni, P., & Quirke, S. (2023). Resilience and coping strategies in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(1), 456-467.

Jonkman, K. M., Back, E., & Begeer, S. (2023). Predicting intervention use in autistic children: Demographic and autism-specific characteristics. Autism, 27(2), 428-442. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35695079/

Li, M., Usui, N., & Shimada, S. (2022). Genomic strategies for understanding the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 15, 930941.

Lipinski, S., Boegl, K., Blanke, E. S., Suenkel, U., & Dziobek, I. (2022). A blind spot in mental healthcare? Psychotherapists lack education and expertise for the support of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, 26(6), 1509-1521.

McCrossin, J., Lach, L., & McGrath, P. (2023). Content analysis of parent training programs for children with neuro disabilities and mental health or behavioral problems: a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 45(1), 154-169. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34990567/

Pellicano, E., Lawson, W., Hall, G., Mahony, J., Lilley, R., Heyworth, M., ... & Yudell, M. (2022). “I Knew She'd Get It, and Get Me”: Participants' Perspectives of a Participatory Autism Research Project. Autism in Adulthood, 4(2), 120-129.

Rohacek, A., Baxter, E. L., Sullivan, W. E., Roane, H. S., & Antshel, K. M. (2022). A Preliminary Evaluation of a Brief Behavioral Parent Training for Challenging Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and developmental disorders, 1-11.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35488976/