FINANCE

LCD 101, FINAL EXAM 1

Name: ___________________________

Part I - Multiple Choice Section (20 points) Please select the correct answer, there is only one correct answer for each question.

1. When two sounds (as in speech sounds, like [p] or [b]) occur in the same phonetic environment and their difference leads to a difference in the meaning of the word, they are…

a) in a complementary distribution b) in a contrastive distribution c) always allophones of the same phoneme d) allomorphs

2. The syntax of a language is a system of rules that a speaker knows and those rules can only be used to produce meaningful sentences (as in sentences that have a clear meaning and are not semantically nebulous) in that language

a) True b) False

3. Lexical ambiguity occurs when two possible syntactic structures can be assigned to the same sentence. a) True b) False

4. The use of the peace sign with our hands is an example of a: a) Beat b) Emblem c) Gesture d) Iconic

5. The ‘standard’ dialect of a language typically has a) Covert prestige b) Overt prestige c) Hypercorrection d) None of the above

6. The word antidisestablishmentarianism was formed using which word-formation process? a) Conversion b) Coinage c) Derivation d) Borrowing

7. Which of the following describes the sound /ɛ/: a) Low front unrounded tense b) Mid front unrounded lax

LCD 101, FINAL EXAM 2

c) Low central unrounded lax d) Low back rounded tense

8. Which of the following describes the sound /w/: a) Voiced alveolar liquid b) Voiceless labiodental fricative c) Voiced bilabial stop d) Voiced bilabial glide

9. Please describe the following consonant /dʒ/: ___________________________________________________________________

10. Please describe the following vowel /ʊ/: ___________________________________________________________________

Part 2 - Phonology/Morphology (24 points)

Morpheme counts (1.5 points each) Isolate the free and bound morphemes in the following words and provide some short justification for why you’ve isolated the morphemes in that way:

As an example, here is what you might answer if the word was installment Free: install (as in the verb from a sentence like “I install TVs”) Bound : -ment (the same morpheme you would add to “reinforce” to get “reinforcement”, it converts a

verb to a noun)

1. unthinkable

2. water

3. flammability

LCD 101, FINAL EXAM 3

4. original

5. painterliness

Select the best transcription (1.5 points each) 6. cool

a. /cul/ b. /kul// c. /kaʊl/

7. remakes a. /reɪmiks/ b. /rimækz/ c. /rimæks/

8. write a. /wrɑtə/ b. /rit/ c. /raɪt/

9. obsolete a. /ɑbsəlit/ b. /aʊbsəlit/ c. /ɑbsəlitə/

10. appease a. /əppiz/ b. /əpiz/ c. /əpis/

LCD 101, FINAL EXAM 4

IPA Transcription (1.5 points each) Please transcribe the following words, surround your transcription with / /. (Here is a link to an IPA ‘picker’: https://r12a.github.io/pickers/ipa/)

11. stretch _________________

12. those _________________

13. whale _________________

14. grand _________________

15. bringing _________________

16. chasm _________________ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yXYYl4fkTA check out that link for reference on what the word-initial consonant sounds like if you are confused)

17. (EXTRA CREDIT) dilapidate _________________

Part 3 - Syntax/Semantics (29 points) Trees (3 points each) Given the following phrase structure rules, draw a syntax tree for each of the following sentences:

S → NP VP NP → (Det) (Adj) N (PP) PP → P NP VP → V (NP +) (Adv) (Remember that parentheses mean that that part of speech/phrase is optional, and a + means that that part

of speech/phrase can occur more than once.)

1. The boy fell yesterday The - Det boy - N fell - V yesterday - Adv

LCD 101, FINAL EXAM 5

2. The mayor of town has a lucky coin. of - P has - V lucky - Adj

3. The Crimes of Grindelwald gave Tom the shivers. Crimes - N Grindelwald - N Tom - N shivers - N

LCD 101, FINAL EXAM 6

Ambiguity (2 points each) Sentence A is structurally ambiguous and therefore has more than one possible interpretation:

A) The spy attacked the man with a hatchet.

Interpretation 1: The spy attacked the man and that man had a hatchet. Interpretation 2: The spy, who was carrying a hatchet, attacked the man.

Rule set: S → NP VP NP → Det N (PP) PP → P NP VP → V NP

4. If all we had were the phrase structure rules above, which interpretation (Interpretation 1 or Interpretation 2) would we be forced to assign Sentence A?

5. Given your answer to 4, which rule or rules (either S, NP, PP, or VP) in the Rule set would we need to modify in order to force us to assign the other Interpretation? List the modified rule/rules:

6. How would you modify the Rule set to allow us to describe/generate both Interpretation 1 and Interpretation 2?

Description/Generation (2 points each) Here is a new set of phrase structure rules:

S → NP VP NP → Det N (PP) PP → P NP VP → V (NP) (S)

Can the following sentences be generated/described given the phrase structure rules above? 7. The doggie barked.

a. Yes, it can. b. No, it cannot.

LCD 101, FINAL EXAM 7

8. The doggie barked the doggie barked. a. Yes, it can. b. No, it cannot.

9. The doggie the man met. a. Yes, it can. b. No, it cannot.

10. The man hugged the doggie the man met. a. Yes, it can. b. No, it cannot.

Thematic Role Assignment (2 points each) Identify the underlined thematic roles in the following sentences: (Remember the thematic roles you have at your disposal are Agent, Theme, Goal, Source, Instrument, and Experiencer.)

11. The bird flew from Poughekeepsie to Pittsburgh. a. The bird __________________ b. Poughkeepsie __________________ c. Pittsburg __________________

12. The bird was flown to Pittsburgh in a plane by FedEx. a. The bird __________________ b. Pittsburg __________________ c. a plane __________________ d. Fedex __________________

13. Mary heard sizzling, because John was cooking. a. Mary __________________ b. John __________________

LCD 101, FINAL EXAM 8

Part 4 - Phonology/Morphology Problem Sets (27 points) Phonology Problem Set Here are some Japanese words and their (phonetic) transcription. The sounds [t], [ʧ], and [ʦ] are in complementary distribution and are allophones of the same phoneme.

Please note that [ʦ] is an alveolar affricate meaning that it should be taken as a single symbol, like the palatal affricate [ʧ]. (Thus in the data below consider [ʦ] as one symbol and not as a [t] followed by a [s]; and [ʧ] as one symbol, not as a [t] followed by a [ʃ].) (15 points total)

[tatami] ‘mat’ [tomodaʧi] ‘friend’ [uʧi] ‘house’

[tegami] ‘letter’ [totemo] ‘very’ [otoko] ‘male’

[ʧiʧi] ‘father’ [ʦukue] ‘desk’ [teʦudau] ‘help’

[ʃita] ‘under’ [ato] ‘later’ [maʦu] ‘wait’

[naʦu] ‘summer’ [ʦuʦumu] ‘wrap’ [ʧizu] ‘map’

[kata] ‘person’ [tatemono] ‘building’ [te] ‘hand’

a. List the environments in which [t], [ʧ], and [ʦ] occur. (3 points)

b. Which of the three different sounds, [t], [ʧ], or [ʦ] occurs in the most diverse set of environments? (As in, which of the three sounds can we consider to be the elsewhere allophone?) (2 points)

LCD 101, FINAL EXAM 9

c. In what environments do the other two sounds typically occur? Please answer in prose (so no need to write a formal rule) and write out separate environments for each of the two sounds. (5 points)

(General example: An environment can be stated like so: [x] generally occurs before [a] or [b]

OR [x] generally occurs after bilabial sounds)

d. Given your answers to a), b), and c), please write a formal rule describing when to use the allophone that you identified in question b). (That’s right, you are being asked to write a rule describing where the purported elsewhere allophone occurs, as opposed to where the contextual allophones occur.) (5 points) Try and make the environment in your formal rule as general as possible.

(General example: A phonological rule is typically written in this fashion: /x/ → [x] / #_alevolar stops

/phoneme/ → [allophone] / environment)

LCD 101, FINAL EXAM 10

Morphology Problem Set 2. Consider the following data from a made up language, it’s sort of like Turkish but has been heavily modified so if you speak Turkish don’t get confused by that, it isn’t supposed to be Turkish. In this language, articles (like ‘a’ and ‘the’) and morphemes indicating location are affixed to nouns. (12 points)

deiz ‘ocean’ ev ‘house’

deniz ‘an ocean’ envden ‘from a house’

denize ‘to an ocean’ evimden ‘from my house’

denizin ‘of an ocean’ deizimde ‘in my ocean’

enve ‘to a house’ enlde ‘in a hand’

a. What Turkish morpheme corresponds to the English ‘a’? ________________ b. Is the morpheme you listed in a) a prefix, a suffix, a circumfix, or an infix? _______________ c. What Turkish morpheme corresponds to the English ‘to’? ___________________ d. Is the morpheme you listed in c) a prefix, a suffix, a circumfix, or an infix? _______________ e. What Turkish morpheme corresponds to the English ‘of’? ___________________ f. What Turkish morpheme corresponds to the English ‘my’? ___________________ g. What would the Turkish word for ‘from an ocean’ be? __________________________ h. What would the Turkish word for ‘hand’ be? ________________