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Running Head: EARTH SCIENCE 1

EARTH SCIENCE 2

Earth Science

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Chapter Summary

Cenozoic fossil originates from the Arabian Peninsula. It is used to convey an important role in paleontological understanding. However, it represents an origin that is occupied with a myriad of ecological niches. It is generally large in quantity but small in body size. Cenozoic fossil is also both aquatic and terrestrial in habitat. Although this mineral fossil is located in a good geographical area, it is little known by many people especially in its early paleogene. Most of the fossils in Arabian geographical landmasses are very important. They are mostly used in unveiling the patterns of tertiary migration of different vertebrates amongst the Asian, Europe, and African landmasses. The pale biographic reconstructions predict a wide range of similarities amongst the three landmasses during the Paleocene and Eocene. However, there was an interchange of terrestrial faunas that took place in large scales between the Eurasia and Arabia. These processes occurred at the beginning of Miocene through which the landmass of Arabia colluded with Asian landmass

Initially, the regional biographic assumptions were made based on the Arabian marine series. However, from the terrestrial faunas were recorded in a well-known paleontological succession on the nearest landmasses. The Mesozoic vertebrates have rapidly grown from different continental landmasses including India and Africa. This acts as evidence that the Mesozoic vertebrates have grown rapidly over the years. There are also more discoveries of vertebrate fossils in different parts of the world including the Sultanate of Oman and the late Campanian of the sultanate of Oman. More discoveries of the areas rich in the Cenozoic fossils include the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. These are the main areas in which this research on the Arabian Peninsula is based. The fossil deposits of Oman are very capable for keeping the records of intermediate phases of mammalian evolution during the early Eocene. Therefore, the specimen for the research was collected from the Eocene.

There is a rock formation in a region called Dhofar. This is a place that India provides as an important data point because it facilitates a more robust comparison of Arsinoitherrioum and Tethyan vertebrates that are known from the continent of Africa. The discovery of these rock formations has helped in understanding environments in the past and fills up the gap in the Eocene African and Arabian fossils records. The process continued from the early Miocene and later was followed by oceanization. During the last regression of cretaceous sea, there was a new transigressive series of deposits which was discovered at the tertiary time in southern Oman. The specimen of Dhofar formation is detailed in the discoveries within the hadramawt which briefly describes the entire process. In this area, there is an extensive series of carbonate layers that is deposited in different formations.

The middle limestone layer which has intercalations between the layers and a chart of nodules is the latest formation in the limestone. However, each layer of the limestone has more than 400m in thickness. The aydim formation was characterized by Dhofar which distinguishes it from the upper layer of Eocene that extensively overlies the damman formation. The marine limestone formed with the aydim has a width ranging from 100-120 m. However, it has an equivalent peninsula in which the region was discovered during the limestone formation. The thin dolomitic and evaporitic tidal flat deposits have a thickness of 60m. The arsinotherium is an extinct mammalian taxon that is primarily known for the late Eocene and the early Oligocene of both Ethiopia and Egypt. The genus is amongst the members of the enigmatic group. This group has phylogenetic relationships with the formation of early Cenozoic mammalian groups. However, this relationship has always remained poorly understood over the years.

Running Head: EARTH SCIENCE

1

Earth Science

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation