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Question 1. Name specific positions (i.e., occupational titles or roles) in the field of computing that would involve expert knowledge, autonomy, internal governance, and service to the community.

A. A description of the four basic characteristics of a profession: expert knowledge, autonomy, internal governance, and service to society. Expert knowledge is special technical knowledge that is certified by some authority, it’s a knowledge that is related to skill, which may be learned “on the job”. In earlier times some professions were learned in an apprenticeship manner. Would-be lawyers “read law” in law offices and would-be physicians went along on house calls with doctors and assisted them in their practices. Autonomy involves independence in conducting one’s professional practice in the areas of diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up – to use the language of the medical profession. Internal governance means that one’s professional field is controlled by its practitioners rather than by some external authority. Service to society has involved some kind of humanitarian service, for example, spiritual ministration, the curing of illness, or the defense of the wrongly accused.

Initially law and medicine were two fields which were recognized with the above mentioned characteristics, If one decides what needs to be done, how to do it, and how the results should be evaluated, then one is practicing as a professional. The characteristic of self-governance can be difficult to assess, given the control that government agencies exercise today in the fields of law and medicine. Therefore we concluded with the judgment that many of these recent professions, including computing and information technology, could be considered true professions.

Question 2. Tell how one of these positions that you have named in response to Question 1 involves expert knowledge, autonomy, internal governance, and service to the community

A. One of the first professions were recognized in the Middle Ages to be Divinity was Medicine, The most defining characteristic of these professions was specialized knowledge, that is, knowledge beyond what the layperson(nonphysician) possessed. Since this knowledge was not meant for the layperson, it was dealt with in a special language that only professionals used, namely, Latin.

In Medicine, bones were named in Latin and prescriptions were written in Latin. A vestigial form of Latin is still used by physicians in writing prescriptions today. e after specialized knowledge is the characteristic of autonomy. If one decides what needs to be done, how to do it, and how the results should be evaluated, then one is practicing as a professional. After autonomy comes the characteristic of self-governance. This can be difficult to assess, given the control that government agencies exercise today in the fields of medicine. . It is therefore difficult for an attorney or physician today to maintain that she or he is completely independent, or self-governing, despite the activities of county, state, and national medical and legal associations. There are colleges and schools of engineering, architecture, education, and information science, as well as many others, in contemporary universities. They prepare their students to enter their particular fields through curricula approved by the fields’ professional boards. Clearly, the material studied in these curricula qualifies as expert knowledge. It may be assumed that certified practitioners exercise a fair degree of autonomy in their practice, thus meeting the autonomy characteristic of a profession. Colleges and schools also prepare their students to pass the board examinations that are administered by the professional boards of those fields (e.g., the Bar exam, the Medical Boards, and the Certified Public Accountant exam). This control over entrance to a professional field is an example of the internal governance characteristic of a profession. Among those would be a number of positions in the field of computing and information technology. These fields require specialized knowledge. It can be assumed that many of the practitioners in these fields exercise a fair degree of autonomy in their work. These fields’ professional organizations, such as the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), exercise functions of internal governance. The fields qualify on the final point of service to society by providing and maintaining the computational infrastructure for most of the fundamental activities in which society engages today.

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