Two Part Q&A
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ASSIGNMENTdiscussionresponceand2commentsassignments.docxPART ONE OF the ASSIGNMENT- FORMULATE AN ORIGINAL ANSWERBottom of Form
Discussion QUESTION –USING THE 3 LISTED SOURCES here and others listed after several posts, please answer the 3 questions,
Create an original post addressing the 3 Questions in 5-7 paragraphs. Start with creating a original 5-7 paragraphs post, that is scholarly, professionally written, relevant, competent college level content and plagiarism free.
THE THREE QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THE ANSWER
In the documents, articles, and textbook, we have explored the history of the Civil War. Actually, we simply scratched the surface. One of the themes that arises in all three collections of sources is that the hopes of southerners were not achieved by secession and War. 1. What hopes did southerners express in 1860 and 1861? 2. How were these hopes crushed? 3. What tensions did the Civil War expose in the South and the United States?
Make sure to only use the sources LISTED in this section, and the sources used by others in their responses.
WARNING
THREE of the many sources listed in the responses below
REFERENCED in ACCORDANCE to: these 3 SOURCES
[1]William Gilmore Simms to John Jacob Bockee, 12 December 1860, in Letter of William Gilmore Simms, Vol. 4, edited by Mary C, Simms Oliphant, Alfred Taylor Odell, and T.C. Duncan Eaves (Columbia, SC: 1952-1956), 291.
[2] Jefferson Davis, "First Inaugural Address:, Alabama Capitol, Montgomery, February 18, 1861.
[3] Joseph E. Brown to Alexander H. Stephens, 2 July 1862, in The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb, edited by Ulrich B. Philips (1913), 598.
PART TWO- respond to posts numbers 4,5 & 8 of others in brief but relevant 1-3 paragraphs per response? PLEASE DEFINE THE COMMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RESPONSE 4,5,& 8?
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Examples of others Answers
1. SOTHUERNBottom of Form
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GASOUTHERN
If seems that the common agreeance is that the south did not want to lose their voices and abilities to be heard. If seems that the population of the south was under the impression that change meant losing long standing traditions and ways of the south. Southerners had this notion in their minds that change meant losing their individuality and what they considered their freedoms. They believed that the ways of the Yankees had no business in the south.
In the anonymous letter to Howell Cobb the writer expressed his fear of the south adapting policies of the north. The writer was so fearful of Northern policies making headway in the south that he was willing to allow negros to fight in the army. He believed that with cooperation from General Lee and others that the population of the south would come around to the idea of Negros fighting for the continuance of traditional southern ways. He himself said he was willing to give up any and everything if that meant they would not be subjected to Yankee Rule.
Southerners did not want to part ways with what they had known their entire lives. Having someone taking away their freedoms and the way they live seemed wrong to them. Getting the north to conform to their ideas was their wish, but their wishes were crushed when the north pushed back. Once the south realized it was them against the entire U.S. the point when the tensions arose and they realized they could not go back.
Politics should be a great vehicle for people to agree to disagree. However, when that doesn't occur, compromise is in order to achieve peaceful resolution to unpopular topics that may incur severe penalties,such as war. The atmosphere of the pre-Civil War South show a preponderance of the feeling that the institution of slavery and the inferiority of African born or it's descendents as a given. Perhaps all the years of exposure to this climate may have entrenched thoughts of normalcy to this lifestyle of racial dominancy. The Macon Telegraph routinely labeled any coverage of events that would mention black equality as "Twaddle". Propaganda of this sort and the editors who pushed their political views, candidates ,could only lead to a preferred bias to continue the status quo wouldn't you concur?
Therefore, by branding all talk of moderation on slavery as abolitionary, southern politicians left compromise off the table, sealing their fate.
ReferenceD BY
The Macon Telegraph, Twaddle October 6, 1860, pg1 SOURCE
Within US History, few topics have received as much attention as the US Civil War. However, three of the most interesting features of the US Civil War involved the hopes of southerners, the loss of those hopes, and the tensions that were present during the war. Each of these subcategories are important and deserve further examination.
Although there were quite a few hopes expressed by southerners during the US Civil War, there were three that deserve specific attention. First, southerners hoped that secession could occur peacefully. This ideology was based heavily upon ideologies within Christianity that surrounded church formation and church secession. C.C. Goen discussed this idea in his article “Broken Churches, Broken Nation: Regional Religion and North-South Alienation in Antebellum America.” In this article, Goen articulated that many southerners believed that in the same way that Christians willfully composed a church, people of the United States willfully composed the nation; since churches could dissolve peacefully, many believed that secession from the Union could also occur peacefully since the Union was formed by the willful formation of the people (Goen 26-27). Second, many southerners hoped that secession, and later the rise of the Confederacy, would allow for reduced tariffs to increase foreign trade. Jefferson Davis openly acknowledged the importance of encouraging the Confederacy to heavily partake in foreign trade in his first inaugural address. Third, many southerners hoped that states’ rights would not only be honored but also upheld and protected. One of the states’ rights that was most important to southerners was property rights, and this correlated directly to the belief of southerners that owning slaves was a property right.
There were a number of reasons why hopes were crushed for southerners during the American Civil War; however, there are three that are of particular importance. The first occurrence, which was a poor military strategy, which lead to the loss of hope for southerners was the consistent order from Confederate officers to order Confederate soldiers to complete frontal charges against superior weaponry. Jeanette Keith notes that Union officers also conducted this poor military tactic as well, but this practice was extremely detrimental to the Confederate Army’s numbers. This practice greatly reduced the number of soldiers for the Confederacy as the war continued and caused many southerners to lose hope in the Confederacy. A second occurrence that caused a loss of hope for the southerners was the election of the Republican president Abraham Lincoln. Since Lincoln was a member of the Republican Party, which was known for having an abolitionist slant, many southerners believed that his election threatened the property right of southerners to own slaves. A third occurrence that signaled a loss of hope for southerners, as noted by Keith, was the Anaconda Plan implemented by the Union to prevent outside interference with Confederacy. Through time, and through the usage of an advanced navy, the Union was able to place a tight restriction around the oceanic coastline of the Confederacy and greatly restrict shipments going into or out of the Confederacy. This was important because it greatly destroyed the hope of the Confederacy to partake in heavy foreign trade; this constriction also greatly reduced the ability of foreign aid to come to the assistance of the Confederacy.
In terms of tensions, one of the main tensions that occurred during the Civil War involved trade between the Union and the Confederacy. Although trade was allowed with the Confederacy through the explicit order of either Lincoln or the Treasury Department, the trade that occurred symbolized an important concept. This concept was the reality that both the Union and the Confederacy were, to an extent, dependent upon one another for economic and military purposes. Ludwell Johnson discussed this issue in his article “Contraband Trade during the Last Year of the Civil War.” The South desperately needed food and supplies for soldiers while the North needed the cotton from the South to make money to fund their war effort. Johnson noted that this continuous trade caused a lot of tension for the Union and the Confederacy as the war dragged on. This trade, according to Johnson, was one of the reasons that the US Civil War lasted as long as it did.
· 5. Discussion CD4
In 1860 and 1861 the South was a place of great pride and strong opinions. We have learned that all southerners did not support secession, but those that did believed in it wholeheartedly and for a variety of reasons. Believing in secession did not, however, equate to believing in War. The readings in the latest unit show the hope for a peaceful separation from the Union, and once war was imminent, an alliance with Europe, as well as the deep seeded tensions that existed between the North and the South.
ACCORDING to the Simms' letter to Jacob Bockee, we see a glimpse of the wish to separate from the Union amicably. He spends the first part of his letter explaining what he believes is the wrongs committed by the North against the South, which I will mention later. As the letter goes on, however, he expresses his wish to a peaceful parting. He explains that they simply cannot exist together in their current conditions. He asks that the North continue on their course and the South continue on theirs, but independently. He even touches on the institution of slavery, saying that when the South is on its own, the judgement of the institution will rest between only the South and God. Jefferson Davis mentions peace and the lack of aggression from the South in his inaugural address. He regards the militia as only a matter of defending themselves and their rights. Perhaps the most convincing article in the unit on the South's desire for a peaceful separation is Goen's article Broken Churches, Broken Nation: Regional Religion and North-South Alienation in Antebellum America. The article uses the separation of the major religions at the time (Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian) into separate factions to help explain the myth of peaceable secession from the Union by the South and perhaps how these church separations helped to encourage the separation of the South from the Union, while still hoping to maintain peace.
Once Southerners realized that peace was a lost hope, they turned their attention to an alliance with Europe, particularly Britain and France. Both of these countries depended on cotton from the South. Davis sent diplomats Britain, hoping that the country would recognize Southern independence and thus provoke a declaration of war from the United States. Great Britain, was the most powerful country at the time, and the Confederacy hoped this alliance would lead to a multitude of supplies being sent and a swift defeat of the American navy by much larger the British navy, and eventually lead to a Confederate success. The British did acknowledge that a state of war existed between the Union and the Confederacy, which they felt was only stating a fact, but it gave the Confederacy the first real recognition as an independent nation. The hope of European alliances were also dashed. Cotton, the South's only real leverage, proved not to be as valuable as Davis thought. The cotton harvest in the 1850's were large, and the British and French textile companies had stocked up at bargain prices. When war broke out, they had several year's worth of cotton, and by the time those supplies ran out, they had other sources of cotton from Egypt and India.
While we know that slavery was not the sole reason for War, the institution definitely provided a great source of tension between the North and the South. Slavery supporters in the South felt as though the Republicans, Lincoln included, threatened the institution. Simms letter to Bockee describes slavery in a positive light, saying that it had done more for philanthropy and humanity than all professional philanthropy in Europe and the North. He explains that slavery has helped with industry such as the construction of the railroads and the workings of the mills. He also goes on to chastise the Northern states for not yielding to the Fugitive Slave Law and the ways that the people of the North help slaves escape and/or rise up against their masters. The Confederacy adopted the United States Constitution, but made a change to reflect the status of slavery as a protected institution. This fact depicts the importance of slavery to the Confederate leaders. The rise of abolitionists in the North helped to expose the atrocities of slavery and pressure political action. This did nothing but aggravate the tension. Goen's article explains how the issue of slavery helped lead to the separate factions of the major religions in the United States, which he believes helped lead to the separation of the South and North.
Another point of contention with the South was the issue of "majority rule" and its subsequent unfairness. Goen's article also touches on this subject. The rise in numbers of the northern delegates sent to national church conventions led to the decision by Southerners to split. When they disagreed on an issue, they were always outvoted by the northern majority. Simms refers to the south as the "minority states" and goes on to say that the South is subject to the uncontrolled legislation majority of the North. Simms, along with many southerners, believes that the Union uses this majority rule when passing protective tariffs that overtax the south for the prosperity of the North.
The institution of slavery along with the majority rule of the North were just two major sources of tension that led to the need for independence of the South. The Confederacy wished to exist as a separate, successful nation, independent of Northern rule. At first, they wanted to accomplish this peacefully, but when they realized that would not happen, they looked for European support. The Confederacy's hopes never materialized, however.
· 6. Discussion HT4
Preserving the institution of slavery was an obvious hope for the South that was crushed. The North and South clearly disagreed on slavery, and many Northerners wanted to either end slavery or at least put limits on it. When the southern states formed a nation, one hope was that slavery would be a right that would not be limited or taken away from the people and there would never be a threat to its existence. William Gilmore Simms himself even stated in a letter to John Jacob Bockee that the institution of slavery would bind the southern states together. Of course we all know that this hope was crushed. The northern victory in the Civil War gave them the power to completely end slavery.
Jefferson Davis described many intentions for the new nation in his inaugural address including the building of a well-disciplined army, a navy to protect harbors and commerce on the high sea and an establishment of foreign affairs. Of course that well-disciplined army was built but was defeated and out of existence in less than five years. The navy had the same result. The Union blockade of the Southern states had a large impact on decreasing the foreign affairs of the Confederacy including commerce.
REFERENCED ACCORDING to: 2 SOURCES
Joseph E. Brown to Alexander H. Stephens, 2 July 1862, in The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb, edited by Ulrich B. Philips (1913)
William Gilmore Simms to John Jacob Bockee, 12 December 1860, in Letter of William Gilmore Simms, Vol. 4, edited by Mary C, Simms Oliphant, Alfred Taylor Odell, and T.C. Duncan Eaves (Columbia, SC: 1952-1956)
· 7. A SecessionistsRR Mindset
One of the most appalling and disturbing aspects of the social environment in the southern states is the sense of selfish privilege that pro -confederates held.
Their encroachment on their neighbors freedom and liberties were willingly distributed without provocation. Coercion, intimidation, and ostracizing of opponents was normal, however according to an article in The Macon Telegraph, October 16,1860 pg1, listed under the heading Twaddle, "bullying people like the school teacher from the north whose children attended school in the north (were there weren't segregated schools) many years ago, who were now grown". Was something to make entertaining chatter about. Shows a sense of perverse privilege where in the public press the editor can act as a willing and slavery-biased dispensary of racial and social division. All this to continue the barbaric culture of racial superiority, much like the Nazis did in Germany.
References ACCORDING to:
The Macon Telegraph "Twaddle" October 16, 1860 SOURCE
· 8. Southern Hopes of SW
To the slaveholding South, what they perceived to be repeated injuries to their rights (especially slave property rights and the ability to reclaim such property under the Fugitive Slave Law). Their hopes of retaining those rights within the confines of the federal Union were jettisoned when Abraham Lincoln of Illinois was elected to the Presidency in November 1860. The tensions between North and South have been rising for years beforehand with the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Nullification Crisis (1832), the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, among other political developments. In a letter to John J. Bockee, William Gilmore Simms is incensed that Bockee was not appalled by John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry in 1959. The frequent and "incessant robberies, aggressions, and atrocities of the North," according to Simms, will cause the South, starting with South Carolina, will cause further division, leading to secession.
In February 1861, after seven states withdrew from the Union, Jefferson Davis was elected as President of a new Confederate States of America. In his inaugural address, he counters popular notion that this was a new revolution, but hoped to reestablish constitutional government in the manner the Founding Fathers intended. The current Federal government framework had been "perverted from the purposes from which it was ordained, and had ceased to answer the ends for which it had been established...the government created by that compact should cease to exist."
Tensions between North and South being what they were, an even greater tension existed within the Confederate government during the war. Davis, once noted for being a promoter of states' rights, was accused of being tyrannical in his exercise of power, according to a letter by Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown to Confederate Vice-President Alexander Stephens. Brown, in a scathing rebuke to Davis, calls himself "still a rebel...no matter who may be in power." [3] The infighting between Davis and his governmental comrades - especially Stephens and Robert Toombs - holds considerable weight in the collapse of the Confederate government, as much as the later military failures on the battlefield.
REFERENCED ACCORDING to: 3 SOURCES
[1]William Gilmore Simms to John Jacob Bockee, 12 December 1860, in Letter of William Gilmore Simms, Vol. 4, edited by Mary C, Simms Oliphant, Alfred Taylor Odell, and T.C. Duncan Eaves (Columbia, SC: 1952-1956), 291.
[2] Jefferson Davis, "First Inaugural Address:, Alabama Capitol, Montgomery, February 18, 1861.
[3] Joseph E. Brown to Alexander H. Stephens, 2 July 1862, in The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb, edited by Ulrich B. Philips (1913), 598.
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