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Introduction To ARDUINO Microcontrollers

Arduino Products, <http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products>

What is a Microcontroller?

A small, low cost computer that exists on a single integrated circuit

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Data/program storage capacity

RAM and/or ROM

Programmable Inputs & Outputs (I/O)

Designed to perform one dedicated function/program

Usually embedded into the desired system

Arduino UNO Rev.3

I/O pins

14 digital input/output pins (6 PWM pins)

6 analog inputs

USB connection

Programming and powering the board (during programming and testing)

External power jack

AC-to-DC adapter or battery operation

O.D. 5.5 mm and Center Positive 2.1 mm

Supported Arduino documents on their website

http://www.arduino.cc/

Arduino Software (or Arduino IDE)

Arduino Integrated Development Environment

Can be downloaded from their site (https://www.arduino.cc/) for FREE!!!

Open-source software

Availability of resources!

Compatible with Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux

Arduino Playground (wiki contribution from Arduino users)

Arduino programming = C language

Opening & Setting up an Arduino IDE

Double click on the “Arduino” icon to open the program

The first thing to check is under “Tools” (from the top menu)

Under the “Tools” Tab check to see that “Board:” is set to “Arduino/Genuino Uno”

Setting up an Arduino IDE

Under the “Tools” Tab check that “Port”

Set to “COM## (Arduino/Genuino Uno)”

Note: COM number may change depending on the computer

Part 1 – Definitions and Declarations

Part 2 – Setup Function

Part 3 – Loop Function

Serial Monitor:

Opens Serial Monitor Window

Review: Breadboard Layout

Images provided by:

http://computers.tutsplus.com/tutorials/how-to-use-a-breadboard-and-build-a-led-circuit--mac-54746

Other “Arduino” family members

SainSmart UNO R3

OLIMEXINO-328

Freeduino

The Ruggeduino

Control Structure Conditional “if” Statement

Description – if…else…

The if statement checks for a condition and executes the proceeding statement or set of statements if the condition is ‘true’.

https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/structure/control-structure/if/

Bill Gates explains if & if/else statements

https://youtu.be/m2Ux2PnJe6E

if (someCondition) {

// do stuff if the condition is true

}

Condition

#1 Simplest “if” statement

Statement(s)

End if

True

False

Comparison Operators	Meaning
x == y	x is equal to y
x != y	x is not equal to y
x < y	x is less than y
x > y	x is greater than y
x <= y	x is less than or equal to y
x >= y	x is greater than or equal to y

Note: Single (=) and double (==) are different.

Single equal sign is the assignment operator.

Double equal sign is the comparison operator.

Example

if (x > 120) digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH);

Note: The brackets ( {} ) may be omitted after an if statement. If this is done, the next line (defined by the semicolon) becomes the ONLY conditional statement.

if (x > 120){

digitalWrite(LEDpin1, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LEDpin2, HIGH);

}

if (x > 120){ digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH); }

if (x > 120)

digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH);

#2 if…else variation

if (someCondition) {

// do stuff if the condition is true

} else {

// do stuff if the condition is false

}

Condition

Statement(s)

End if

True

False

Statement(s)

#3 Nested if…else statement

if (Condition_1) {

// do stuff if the condition_1 is true

} else if (Condition_2) {

// do stuff only if the first condition is false

// and the second condition is true

} else {

// do stuff only if the first condition is false

// and the second condition is false

}

Condition_1

Statement(s)

End if

True

False

Statement(s)

Condition_2

True

False

Statement(s)

#3 Nested if…else statement

Example – Conditionals with Cards

if (CARD is lower than 5) {

if (CARD is BLACK) {

Award YOUR team the same

number of points on the card.

} else {

Award OTHER team 1 point.

}

} else {

if (CARD is HEARTS) {

Award YOUR team 1 point.

}

Conditionals with Cards

https://youtu.be/TbUaEnAYPjI

CARD is lower than 5

Award YOUR team the same number of points on the card.

End if

True

False

Award YOUR team 1 point.

True

False

CARD is BLACK

True

False

Award OTHER team 1 point.

CARD is HEARTS

Conditionals with Cards

https://youtu.be/TbUaEnAYPjI

#4 if statement and Logical operators

Evaluate 2 different conditions altogether

Logical (or Boolean) Operators

&& – Logical AND results in true only if both operands are true.

|| – Logical OR results in a true if either of the two operands is true.

! – Logical NOT results in a true if the operand is false and vice versa.

x	y	x && y
true	true	true
true	false	false
false	true	false
false	false	false

x	y	x \|\| y
true	true	true
true	false	true
false	true	true
false	false	false

x	!x
true	false
false	true

Logical AND

[ x && y ]

Logical OR

[ x || y ]

Example – Refer to Example #1 (simplest)

if (digitalRead(2) == HIGH && digitalRead(3) == HIGH) {

// if BOTH the switches read HIGH

// statements

}

if (x > 0 || y > 0) {

// if either x or y is greater than zero

// statements

}

if (!x) {

// if x is not true

// statements

}

Note: In C/C++ language, the second argument is evaluated, only if the first argument is false. In other words, when the first argument is true, the second argument will not be evaluated. This is called the short-circuit evaluation (or minimal evaluation).

Example – Combining #3 and #4

if (temperature >= 70)

{

//Danger! Shut down the system

}

else if (temperature >= 60 && temperature < 70)

{

//Warning! User attention required

}

else

{

//Safe! Continue usual tasks...

}

Make sure the evaluation order does matter!!

If this expression is following…

else if (temp < 70 && temp >= 60)

Will you be able to see “Safe!” statement?

Additional Self Study Materials…

Arduino Code: Conditional Statements by SparkFun Electronics

https://youtu.be/YktSocf2vSc

Arduino Programming: Logical Operators by SparkFun Electronics

https://youtu.be/K49Z9cIUbN0

Create a flow chart in PowerPoint 2013 by Microsoft

https://support.office.com/en-us/article/af4e3f4c-3854-486a-88ff-eb35692663dc

3d Printing / Additive Manufacturing: Exploration of Form Feature and Geometry Limits

Traditional Machining Process

Stock Material-Metal

Drawing

Machining

Resulting part

CNC Machining Process

Stock Materia- Metall

Computer Aided Design (CAD) 3D Solid Model

G code file generated

Resulting Part

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Model- Tool Path Generation and Simulation

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machining

Tool Path Generation

3D Printing Process

Stock Material: PLA Plastic Filament spool

Resulting Part

MakerBot Desktop Software

MakerBot 3D Printing Machine

Computer Aided Design (CAD) 3D Solid Model- SolidWorks

STL file

History of 3D Printing

What is the difference between processes?

Making sense of the additive manufacturing “alphabet soup” (and exposing our industry’s dirty little secret): AM, 3DP, DMLS, SLM, DMLM, SLS….. OMG?

The Additive Manufacturing (AM) world loves acronyms.

The vast majority of metal printers in use today are based on Powder Bed Fusion Technology.

A layer of fine metal powder is spread across a machine bed.

The selected regions of the powder layer are then fused to the layer beneath them.

The process repeats layer by layer until the entire part is built within the powder bed.

Unfused powder is removed to reveal the finished parts on the build plate.

The melting is typically done with a high power laser.

With that background, here’s the secret: on today’s systems they all refer to the same process.

Common trademarked acronyms you will come across include Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM), and Laser Cusing.

3D Printing Technologies

BJ- Binder Jetting

LM- Laser Melting

EBM- Electron Beam Melting

SL- Sterolithography

PJ- PolyJet Modeling

FDM- Fuse Deposition Modeling

LS- Laser Sintering

MJ- MutiJet Modeling

Each 3D printer is unique!!

Majority of the time, 3D printer comes with its special software (i.e., slicer and controller)

Cetus3D

UpStudio

MakerBot Replicator Series

MakerBot Print

Ultimaker

Cura

SHELLS AND INFILL

Print settings can dramatically change the strength, appearance, print time, and other properties of your printed parts.

Shells are the perimeter on each layer; they make up the walls of your part.

Infill is the internal structure of your part. You can set the infill of your part to be anywhere from 0% (hollow) to 100% (solid). Increasing the infill and number of shells will make your parts stronger, but will increase print time and filament use.

PRINTED PYRAMID

10% Infill / 02 Shells without supports

PRINTED PYRAMID

0% Infill

08 Shells

PRINTED PYRAMID

25% Infill

02 Shells

PRINTED PYRAMID

02% Infill

02 Shells

PRINTED PYRAMID

50% Infill

02 Shells

MINFILL OPTION

SUPPORTS AND RAFTS

Supports are printed scaffolding for overhangs. If your model has overhangs greater than 68 degrees (measured from the vertical axis) then you will need to print with supports. A raft helps the part adhere to the build plate by laying down an even, flat foundation to print on.

3D Model: The T model has overhangs greater than 68 degrees and needs support material. The Y model does not need support material.

Supports: After printing, the T will needs support material removed. Both printed with rafts.

Final Print: Final parts after removing supports and rafts.

Cost Estimation – 3D Printing Material (material only)

Q: How much does 3D printed part cost, if printed part is 7 gram?

Note: Using 1kg of $17 PLA filament

Ans. About 12 cents

Memo: In the actual manufacturing process, cost estimation is not only material itself and involves many other factors: human labor fee, machine running cost, other production costs…

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a form of direct manufacturing which involves rapid prototyping.

Using AM, we can build functional, efficient, and effective components directly from CAD models.

AM uses computer controlled, layer-by-layer material deposition, which is a process that utilizes a laser to deposit a layer of material onto a substrate.

Many users, who had been experimenting AM are still using them for prototyping rather than production.

Educating companies on opportunities for creating a component by additive process is a hard challenge.

Additive Manufacturing

Additive Manufacturing Benefits[1]

Kinsella, Mary E., “Additive Manufacturing of Superalloys for Aerospace Applications”. March 2008

Additive Manufacturing - why?

Building parts with very complex geometries without any sort of tools or fixtures, and without producing any waste material

The geometrical freedom allowed to engineer/design the part as you envision it, without manufacturing constraints. This can be translated to extreme light-weight designs, reduced part counts

Lightness is critical in making aircraft. A reduction of 1 kg in the weight of an airliner will save around $3,000 worth of fuel a year and by the same token cut carbon-dioxide emissions. AM could help build greener aircraft.

Cost-effectiveness - a very energy-efficient and environmentally friendly manufacturing route

Application includes Medical Implants, Aerospace, Industry , & Automobile

Detailed Gas Turbine[2]

“Unison: A Leading Supplier, Engine Components & Systems”. http://www.unisonindustries.com/systems/index.html

Critical Components – Candidates for AM[3]

Augmentors, Combustors, Compressor Stators, Accessory Gearboxes, Drive and turbine shafts, ducts, fan and turbine frames, fan stator and diffuser cases

High-valued turbo-engine components like casings and vanes as well as rotating parts like blades, rotors, disks and BLISKs (BLade Integrated DiSKs).

Use of 3D Rapid Prototyping for University of Hartford UAV Project

Gallery of Sub-Assembly Photographs / Drawings

Prototype parts were fabricated at the University of Hartford with our 3D Rapid Prototype System

Tail assemblies and many of the metal parts were fabricated at BML Machine Tool in Monroe CT, a shop that already had ARDEC and Picatinny contracts.

Use of 3D Rapid Prototyping for University of Other Hartford Projects

Material Testing

BE260W Biomed Engineering Materials

Tension and compression tests

PLA (Polylactic Acid) samples

Biodegradable thermoplastic

Processed from corn starch, sugarcane, or other plants that can create starch

Based on the preliminary test in D129 and simple assessment:

PLA with 20% infill density: EPLA 20% = 167,309 psi ≈ 167 ksi

PLA with 99% infill density: EPLA 99% = 226,796 psi ≈ 227 ksi

Both reasonably within the range of MatWeb’s data (from 12.3 to 2,000 ksi)

Rapid prototyping – I beam design

Once simple parametric model is developed and 3D-printed, you can see, touch, and feel it

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/american-wide-flange-steel-beams-d_1318.html

Rapid prototyping – Airfoil design

Import mathematically determined airfoil design using a CSV data file

http://airfoiltools.com/plotter/index

Rapid prototype – Skyline Diffuser

mh-audio.nl/Acoustics/DiffusorCalculator.asp

Rapid prototype - Enclosure

Example – Topological Model

Questions

????

Additional Material

PREPARE FILES FOR PRINTING WITH MAKERBOT PRINT

MAKERBOT PRINT

Select Printer: Click on the printer menu to view your active printers. Select add a printer to add a new printer to your list.

Add a network printer to browse from printers already on your network via WiFi or Ethernet.

Connect via IP address to add a printer using its IP, this can be found on the MakerBot Replicator+

onscreen menu. Add an unconnected printer if you

plan on transferring files to your printer via USB stick.

Insert Files: Open the project panel and select add models. Alternatively, you can drag and drop files directly into MakerBot Print’s main window from your computer.

File Types: Both Mac and PC users can import .STL files. PC users can import native CAD files from

programs like SolidWorks® and Autodesk Inventor ®.

PREPARE FILES FOR PRINTING WITH MAKERBOT PRINT

MAKERBOT PRINT

TIP: Place models as close to the center of the build plate as possible. Group models as close together as possible without

overlapping, arrange build plate is useful for arranging lots of models.

TIP: Print modes are a set of recommended print settings. For more advanced control, select the

add a custom setting button to create your own custom print modes.

MAKERBOT PRINT

Settings: Select your print mode, extruder type, and toggle support material on/off. Print settings will affect the strength, surface quality, weight, print time, and other properties of your printed

parts. We recommend always printing with rafts on.

Layout: Arrange models on your build plate(s) using the arrange, orient, and scale menus. Rotate your models so that the largest flat surface is touching the build plate. Try using place face on build plate

in the orient menu to help.

MAKERBOT PRINT

TIP: Place models as close to the center of the build plate as possible. Group models as close together as possible without

overlapping, arrange build plate is useful for arranging lots of models.

TIP: Print modes are a set of recommended print settings. For more advanced control, select the

add a custom setting button to create your own custom print modes.

MAKERBOT PRINT

Settings: Select your print mode, extruder type, and toggle support material on/off. Print settings will affect the strength, surface quality, weight, print time, and other properties of your printed

parts. We recommend always printing with rafts on.

in the orient menu to help.

PREPARE FILES FOR PRINTING WITH MAKERBOT PRINT

SHELLS AND INFILL

Print settings can dramatically change the strength, appearance, print time, and other properties of your printed parts.

Shells are the perimeter on each layer; they make up the walls of your part.

PRINTED PYRAMID

10% Infill / 02 Shells without supports

PRINTED PYRAMID

0% Infill

08 Shells

PRINTED PYRAMID

25% Infill

02 Shells

PRINTED PYRAMID

02% Infill

02 Shells

PRINTED PYRAMID

50% Infill

02 Shells

MINFILL OPTION

SUPPORTS AND RAFTS

3D Model: The T model has overhangs greater than 68 degrees and needs support material. The Y model does not need support material.

Supports: After printing, the T will needs support material removed. Both printed with rafts.

Final Print: Final parts after removing supports and rafts.

MAKERBOT PRINT

Print: Use the print button to print directly to connected printers or to export files for offline

printers (this will appear as export if you’ve selected an unconnected printer).

Monitor your print progress by navigating to the

printer menu and watching the live camera feed. You can also monitor via the MakerBot ® Mobile™ app.

PREPARE FILES FOR PRINTING WITH MAKERBOT PRINT

PRE-PRINT CHECKLIST

SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

01. Add Files: Click File >

Insert File or drag and drop right onto the build plate

05. Install Build Plate: Load your build plate onto the Z-stage and confirm

it’s snug

02. Arrange: Organize objects by dragging or

using Arrange Build Plate

03. Print Settings: Adjust your print settings to change print speed

and quality

04. Print Estimates and

Preview: Double check print time and material usage by checking Print Preview.

06. Attach MakerBot

Smart Extruder+: Confirm that the Smart Extruder+

is attached properly

07. Calibrate MakerBot Smart

Extruder+: If you’ve just attached a Smart Extruder+, run a Z Calibration. On the printer, select Settings >

Calibration > Calibrate Z Offset

08. Load Filament: Select Filament

> Load Filament. Then, ensure that the filament is seated in the drawer, fed through the guide tube, and securely inserted into the Smart

Extruder+ when prompted.

POST-PRINT CHECKLIST

09. Remove Build Plate: Slide the build plate toward you to

remove it from the Z-stage

10. Remove Parts from Build Plate: Gently flex the build plate or use a thin craft spatula to

remove parts

11. Discard Rafts and Support: Use your hands or tools to gently remove the raft and

support materials from parts

Quick Guide of Cetus 3d Printer in the Maker Space (UT 320)

Basic Steps

Connect to the printer with a long USB cable from your own computer or the Makerspace Desktop

You can disconnect once the print has begun

Turn on the printer by hitting the on/off switch on the left of the Cetus3D

Set up 3D print file in UpStudio

Select position on plate, infill density, raft, etc…

Print file

ALWAYS REMEMBER

Initialize the Cetus3D printer before each print

Gently wipe down the print plate with a paper towel and 70% isopropyl alcohol before and after print

Remove with metal spatula positioned flat and flush against print plate by pressing firmly but gently against the print

Find “UPStudio” icon on desktop: 3D printing software for the Cetus 3D printer

Software should recognize connected printer, but if not, go to setting section

Check printer serial number here and on the printer

Click “UP” icon: moving into 3D print setting screen

Scale

Add

Initialize

Print Status

Home

Rotate

Move

Maintenance

Calibration (No need for students’ general printing)

Empty 3D printing space…

Import your 3D object file in STL

Select your model in STL format

Depending on the model, it may need some printing tweaks!!

Many cases, relationship between Y-axis and Z-axis are changed, which is caused by a mismatch of coordinate setting in SolidWorks/Fusion and UPStudio. Also, scaling could be off, but it can be fixed by definition of 1 in = 25.4 mm.

Rotate

Think about the best orientation for 3D printing!

Move

Scale

Once 3D object is set properly, move on to “Print Settings”

Inside of object

Raft

When preview is promising, click “Print” to manufacture a part

Automatically printing file will be transfer and start warming up the nozzle heater

Printing will be started, when the nozzle temperature reaches at 210°C

See Cetus3D Quick Start Guide: https://www.cetus3d.com/quick-start-guide/

Note: Printer and nozzle height have already been calibrated for general 3D printing.

Check the progress of printing and get a print-finish time (estimation)