PY 216 Assignment 4

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Assignment 4

NAME: ****please type your name here and delete this message****

· All results should be processed using SPSS.

· Upload your output file (the ones end with .spv) along with this document (Microsoft Word, ending with .doc or .docx) when you submit your assignment on Canvas.

Sport concussions are a leading epidemic causing impairments in cognitive, motor, and emotional function. Because of this you have been funded by the National Institutes of Health to conduct a public health study on the number of concussions between different sports. The results from this study would help policymakers target specific sports in need of improved safety. To scientifically address this study aim, you collected data over the past three years on the number of concussions from four different sports in both male and female athletes. The specific sports include Soccer, Lacrosse, Basketball, and Softball/Baseball. Your data is saved in an SPSS dataset called concussion.sav.

Your dataset includes four different variables: Sport, which has four levels (1 = Soccer, 2 = Lacrosse, 3 = Basketball, 4 = Softball/Baseball); Year, which has three levels (2017, 2018, and 2019); Gender, which has two levels (1 = Female, 2 = Male); and Concussions, which is a continuous variable reporting the number of reported concussions sustained playing a particular sport during that year.

/1	1. Your first goal is to compare the average number of concussions between different sports for all athletes over the last three years (i.e., NOT looking at the effect of gender or year). What type of analysis should you use for this problem? Please justify in full sentences.
/2	2. State your null and alternative hypotheses using everyday language: H0: H1:
/1.5	3. Name the three assumptions that underlie an ANOVA analysis. For each, indicate whether the assumption is tested statistically in SPSS. 1. Assumption #1: Is this assumption tested in SPSS? Y or N 2. Assumption #2: Is this assumption tested in SPSS? Y or N 3. Assumption #3: Is this assumption tested in SPSS? Y or N
/2	4. Perform normality tests to test the assumption that concussions are normality distributed within the four sports. Paste the output below and decide if this assumption is rejected or failed to be rejected using observed p-values in full sentences. Be sure to comment on the normality of the distributions.
/2	5. Perform the appropriate analysis on the difference among the four sports on the average number of concussions. Using this command also provide a Levene’s test of homogeneity of variances to test if the four sports have equal variances on the number of concussions. Paste the table from the output that tests this assumption below, then make a decision to reject or fail to reject the assumption of equal variances between the sports in full sentences. Be sure to comment on the equality of variances.
/2	6. Paste the ANOVA table from your output below. Report the results of the analysis in full sentences using the correct APA formatting rules [F (group df, error df) = observed F-value, p = observed p-value]. Click the following link for additional help on APA format: Help
/1	7. Perform a Bonferroni post-hoc test to test the difference among average number of concussions between the four sports. Paste the output table reporting your post-hoc results below.
/1	8. Based on the result of Bonferroni post-hoc tests, which specific sports are significantly different from each other? State in full sentences, including the direction of any differences (i.e., which groups had higher/lower rates of concussions).

Part II:

/1	1. Now, you want to examine the effect of both sport and gender on the average number of concussions reported over the last three years. What type of analysis should you use for this problem? Please justify in full sentences.
/1.5	2. State all appropriate null and alternative hypotheses using everyday language:
/4	3. Paste the omnibus outcome table (Tests of Between-Subjects Effects) from your output below. For each of your hypotheses , report the appropriate results of the analysis in full sentences using the correct APA formatting rules [F (group df, error df) = observed F-value, p = observed p-value], and make a conclusion about rejecting or failing to reject your null hypothesis.
/2	4. Using complete sentences, describe something about the main effect of sport, providing appropriate statistics to support your claims. Include statistics from the table above and provide group means/descriptives, where appropriate.
/2	5. Using complete sentences, describe something about the main effect of gender, providing appropriate statistics to support your claims. Include statistics from the table above and provide group means/descriptives, where appropriate.
/2	6. Using complete sentences, describe something about the *interaction effects of sportgender**, providing appropriate statistics to support your claims. Include statistics from the table above and provide group means/descriptives, where appropriate.