Assignment 3

Argument Mapping

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Authors Note

1. Create an argument map based on the influence diagram presented in Case 1.3 and complete all the criteria provided in the exercise, beginning with this claim: “The U.S. should return to the 55- mph speed limit in order to conserve fuel and save lives.”

There has been an ongoing debate on whether the US government should reintroduce the 55mph speed limits on the roads. This was a policy that had been existing previously but was later abolished. However, since its abolishment as a policy, there has been an increase in the number of crashes on a yearly basis. This, therefore, gives the reason as to why as the research's objective is to look at both sides of the coin of having speed limits in the busy highways (Hao et al.2016).

The reasons as to why speed limits had been previously enforced in America was too, first of all, minimize the number that occurs which are mainly caused by high speed and reckless drivers. This will help in minimizing the number of deaths recorded on yearly basis soft people form accidents. Secondly, the speed limit was established to give reasonable timelines to motorists who will be traveling from one point to the other. Width moderate speed it becomes possible for one to still reach his or her destination in time and also in good health. The situation is opposite when there are n speed limits, especially in highways. It is attributed to the fact that some of the drivers drive too fast that they take has time to take to commute from one place to the other (Hao et al.2016).

Speed limits may also have its disadvantages for instance at times in case of an emergency where a patient, for instance, needs to be taken to hospital within the shortest time possible, speed limits may be a problem. This may result in the loss of lives. Secondly, there are few people who have fast vehicles, may wish to use them on the countries well-developed road network. It becomes difficult for such people to effectively and freely ride their speed masters on the roads due to the restrictions by speed limits. Therefore in terms of luxury in speed driving and emergency operations requiring high speed traveling the speed limits Maya act as a barrier rather than a savior. The other contradicting point is strata despite high speed consisting of the largest number of causalities in road accidents, there are a good fraction of the causalities who have suffered not necessarily because of high speed but at times carelessness on the road by motorists is crucial (Hao et al.2016).

Previously done researches on the importance of 55mph speed limits in the American soil have tried to establish the relationship between high-speed driving and crash-related scenes. This was to help come up with a conclusion essential in developing of policy that will not only allow effective transportation by road but also guarantee security. According to previously conducted studies on the number of road accidents fatality rates has been on the rise since the removal of the speed limits policy (Hao et al.2016).

The main challenge will be on reinstating the national speed limit policy in the country this is because most people have a tendency of ignoring the speed limit signs. It has also been noted that after the elimination of 50mph speed limits the number of drivers who traveled at speeds exceeding 55mp rose by approximately 10%. This meant that the fuel consumption of this vehicle also rose by an approximately similar fraction. It is attributed to the fact that if one drives fast he pressed the accelerator more fuel is injected into the cylinder in the engine to produce extra power. This acceleration results in more fuel consumption ability of the vehicle. In the worst sceneries, some of the people have been forced to reduce their number of road trips (Hao et al.2016). This entailed traveling with personal means only if there was a need to do so. The reverse is true when having speed limits the fuel consumption is low thereby allowing the road to be occupied by most of the car owners. Figure 1 below illustrates an argument map generated on the need to have speed limits in the US.

Figure 1: Argument Map on Speed Limits in the US

2. Include in the map as many warrants, backings, objections, and rebuttals as possible.

This article provides more information on the reasons as to why the 5mph speed limit policy should be reintroduced. It is attributed to the fact that its benefits of saving lives, reducing fuel consumption and regulating travel time outweigh some of the limitations associated with speed limits (Hao et al.2016).

3. Assume that the original qualifier was certainly; indicate whether the qualifier changes as we move from a simple, static, uncontested argument to a complex, dynamic and contested argument.

The articles original qualifier has demonstrated the claim of reintroducing speed limits. Since according to the research data reduction of seed levels to below 5mph reduces chances of involvement in a vehicle crash and also saves on energy as fuel (Hao et al.2016).

4. Apply the argument mapping procedures presented in Chapter 8 to analyze the pros and cons (or strengths and weaknesses) of the recommendations that the United States should not intervene in the Balkans.

Yugoslavia is one of the countries that have suffered great injustice caused by the violent intervention of the US military. This type of intervention is driven by fear-driven motives on both internal and external marginalization levels of the country. It is unfortunate that such a situation happened the way it did. This is because it was the responsibility of the United Nations to handle the situation in Yugoslavia. Instead, the US military took the initiative to use excessive force for calming down the situation. In such circumstances, innocent people are greatly affected by the military strikes as it was witnessed in Yugoslavia. It was a sign of greed, trying to prove sovereignty and writing history by the American government (Campbell, 2017).

Previously the US marines had been notorious against using force when handling Serbians in Bosnia. In April 11th, 1994, the worst strike was conducted by us military force just outside Bosnia-Herzegovina. Many innocent people were victims of this strike. The strike indicated vulnerability concedes of the American army when it comes to having an end strategy before implementation of an idea practically. The main issue was that that the US was not aware of the primary cause of the war. This misled them to using the wrong intervention for such type of conflict in a foreign country. It was evident at the end of the intervention the results were a clear indication that the calculation strategy of possible outcomes of an intervention had been initially gotten wrong by the US government. If this process could have been done Cleary then the government of America could have seemed for an alternative solution for the problem (Campbell, 2017).

The war in Yugoslavia had been caused by political manipulation rather than ethical organ or history. If it could have been due to ethical or historical issues then the intervention adopted by the company could have worked. However, in this case, it needed mediation or arbitration process that could have been best done by the United Nations body. When developing an intervention strategy it is important to ensure all end sate elements of the situation in power are balanced. This will help in coming up with a model that has good feedback in terms of the end results after its implementation (Campbell, 2017).

5. Write an analysis of 1-2 pages that use critical thinking to assess the overall plausibility of the claim: "The conflict in Bosnia is somebody else's trouble. The U.S. should not intervene militarily."

Clinton's administration had to meet in 1995 to come up with a lasting solution on the best intervention for Bosnia's war. The initially implemented military intervention did not work instead it worsened the situation by leading to many causalities with several people doubting America's intentions on intervening in a military way. The interventions did not work because of various reasons. The first one being at the policy level where the existing day to day crisis management organization had lost its credibility. The events on the ground forced the administration of the US government to think of a solution to a problem it plunged itself into voluntarily (Mennecke & Markusen, 2017).

The president gave a directory to the National Security Council to help in developing a strategy for intervention which was specific and far-reaching with minimal impact on the people at its end state. This was to be done after the immediate abandonment of the policies Clinton's administration had been using previously for Bosnia's war-related problems. The integrated approach could help in regaining of the US image credibility as well as ethical trusts from her neighbors as well as the United Nations council (Mennecke & Markusen, 2017).

The United Nations charter article 2 clearly states that all members are encouraged to “settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered. All members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purpose of the United Nations.” Basing on this phrase it can understand why the US brought to itself a problem that was not of its concern from the first place. The United Nations had the capacity to solve the Bosnia's war issue through peaceful negotiations and probable sanctions without necessarily having to utilize military force as the US government did (Mennecke & Markusen, 2017).

Works Cited

Hao, W., Kamga, C., Yang, X., Ma, J., Thorson, E., Zhong, M., & Wu, C. (2016). Driver injury severity study for truck involved accidents at highway-rail grade crossings in the United States. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behavior, 43, 379-386.

Mennecke, M., & Markusen, E. (2017). Genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Genocide at the Millennium (pp. 23-42). Routledge.

Campbell, K. J. (2017). The role of individual states in addressing cases of genocide. In Genocide at the Millennium (pp. 159-180). Routledge.