· Since cyberspace poses problems for international cooperation, do the problems it poses differ substantially from those governments have faced in the past?
Yes, but efforts to address the problems are the same, such as identify assets, but, cyber assets need to be included and be considered to be part of critical infrastructure (Smedt, 2010). Then after identifying assets, then vulnerability analysis and next risk assessment, again similar steps to address problems and action to resolve, but need to include cyber assets as well. European Union says that there should be a National cyber defense agency, something not needed in the past, as there was not cyber to defend prior to the 1980’s and earlier (e.g.). Lieberthal & Singerm (2012) bring out that there is ‘no relationship as significant to the future of world politics as that between the United States and China . . . And in their relationship, there is no issue that has risen so quickly and generated so much friction as cybersecurity’. For one thing, China and the United States were not two countries in the past that were most Signiant for the world scene and further it is cyber security that is great concern, again something not significant in the past. Forsyth (2013) brings out the world great powers are rising, and we can see this as they all nations are connected to the internet, and there is power in internet supremacy. But also more than an increase in internet or cyber use, some prior non-super powers are in rise of stature for sea, air, and space (e.g.) Plus it makes the world more ‘tightly coupled to the security of the global commons and all should agree to share the burden of security (e.g.) This security could be cyber and other. However, the other such as ships in sea, planes in the air and satellites in space all depend on a secure internet.
For all the reasons above, there is a big difference in global security than in the past, despite the fact the approach can be the same, but cyber needs to be considered for all.
· Discuss Davidson's (2009) Cyber Monroe Doctrine.
First of all, what is the Monroe Doctrine? One may not know as it was introduced 194 years ago, back in December 2, 1823 and last utilized in John Kennedy’s administration, which is over 50 years ago (Davidson, 2009). The Monroe Doctrine is a foreign policy tenetthat any efforts by European governments to interfere with United Sates could be viewed as an act of aggression that would cause the United States to interview with armed forces (e.g.). It is said that we could have a
· After reading Hjortdal, M. (2011). China's Use of Cyber Warfare: Espionage Meets Strategic Deterrence, Journal of Strategic Security, Volume 4 Number 2., how would you assess Chinese intentions and capabilities?
I agree with Hjortdal, M. (2011) relayed information from China's military strategists who inform that their cyber capabilities for warfare will be powerful. What the Chinese want most is information on the United States R &D and other corporate information. It was found that China’s economic espionage steels $300 to 500 billion dollars a year (Mouillard & Proud, (2017). The Chinese also are concerned with attacking the United States critical infrastructure and much involvement in educational institutions. What is quite interesting is that the Chinese have Confucius Institutes at established universities in the United States (e.g.). The Confucius Institutes is a non-profit and said their goal is to help students learn Chinese, but it really is one of China’s strategic methods to steal information from universities (e.g.). Also, when the Chinese wants to impress United States citizens and officials they put out the red carpet expecting something in return, we saw at the recent Trump visit to China.
· Conclude with a research or policy question for further research
What success has the Chinese Confucius Institutes have since it’s inception?
2. Responded to message below. Should be at least 250 words. Responses should be informative and contribute to advancing knowledge of the topic. Include at least 2 APA-cited references.
The problems are the same in terms of having the same goals of a secure way of communicating over the internet, they all manage risk, and look forw ways to prevent and detect and build upon a framework. The key differences is that some like the European Union has more parthners and in a way, is better at coming together with other groups because they are a union with other countries. They have set goals and instructions and a framework to follow. While, China compared to the United States is more strict with the Internet they see it as a cause for concern that needs to be monitored. While the EU and US tend to allow for an open end user friendly Internet, China focues on more government control and regulation.
The optimistic aspect of creating a cooperating cyber space is that the United, States and China build on a working relationship like Kenneth Lieberthal and Peter W. Singer state, to focus on what we can agree on like preventing criminal activity such as child pornography or human trafficking and after that realizing what can be done with cooperation between two strong nations. This would lead to other nations coming to join in with them and developing a global cyber framework that all nations agree upon.
The pessimistic scenario is one I believe we are currently in. The espianauge that takes place the lack of trust, the continuation of cyber attacks from all sided without the ablitity to really attribute to who is attacking and why. Most we know is done for strategic and exploitation of adversaries. The amount of trust as of right now between nations on a cyber security level is zero, for the simple fact of lack of attribution. Likev James Wood Forsyth Jr states in What Great Powers Make It “Cyber war is real; it happens at the speed of light, and I would add if you dont know your in a cyber war you have already lost.
Arun1990
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