Update: Research Paper, In Professional Security Related To Young Male Terrorist And Unemployment. profile
justice2020_
ArturoFloresResearchDesignTemplate2.docxPERCEPTIONS OF TRUST IN
PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR
CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION -- IMPLICATIONS FOR
CIVIL SECURITY, LEADERSHIP, POLICY, AND MANAGEMENT
by
Arturo Flores
Research Methods
Michael Krantz, CPP, Ph.D.
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the class Research Methods
New Jersey City University
2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES xi
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Statement of the Problem 4
Purpose of the Research 6
Research Question 7
Subsidiary Questions 7
Significance of the Study 8
Limitations of the Research 8
Delimitations of the Research 9
Definitions 9
Outline of the Research Study 11
II. LITERATURE REVIEW 13
Public–Private Partnership for Homeland Security 14
Forms of Public–Private Partnership 15
Partnership in Critical Infrastructure Protection 17
Critical Infrastructure Partnership Model 18
Challenges to Effective Partnerships 20
Collaboration as Public Policy 22
What is Collaboration? 23
Collaboration, Cooperation, and Coordination 26
Collaboration as a Multidimensional Process 27
The Dependence on Trust 29
Defining Trust 31
Who Trusts Whom? 33
Antecedents of Trust: Trust Beliefs 35
The Trust Building Process 40
Trust Inhibitors 43
III. METHODOLOGY 47
Research Model 48
Research Design 51
Response 52
Survey Design 53
Summary 54
IV. RESULTS AND FINDINGS 55
166
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 172
Summary of the Research 172
Conclusions 174
Recommendations 176
Policy 177
Practice 177
Future Research 179
REFERENCES 181
APPENDIX A. IRB Approval Letter 192
APPENDIX B. Critical Infrastructure Sectors 193
APPENDIX C. Survey Instrument 193
Chapter I
Introduction
Many countries are worried about their possible contributions to unrest and instability because of increasing unemployment rates and population (youth bulge). I will use a cross-country panel database to examine the potential contributions to domestic Terrorism of youth unemployment. The result is a good relationship between domestic Terrorism and youth unemployment, depending on the various development factors, including corruption, the inefficiency of public authorities, and the absence of the rule of law (this is a different study). Youth unemployment, however, is not an essential predictor of transnational Terrorism across countries, as expected. We end by emphasizing that the role of unemployed youth in preventing Terrorism must be taken into more significant consideration.
Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine a potential impact on young male terrorists. Globally, the unemployment rate has escalated, especially among youths. Most of them are graduates who have high expectations, especially with the government's promises of employment opportunities. Such circumstances result in unhappy lives, mental issues, and community despise… Purpose of the Research
This investigation aims to view Terrorism as a rejection of democracy and human rights, (this is a different study) with unemployment rates playing a key role in domestic Terrorism. The OSCE's participating countries are dedicated, without exception, to combating all acts of Terrorism as the most severe crimes. This study looks at how states, specifically police authorities, are required to protect all persons within their jurisdictions from Terrorism and the right to life, protection, and other human and fundamental freedoms, as part of their human rights obligations. This calls for a comprehensive anti-terrorist approach by reducing unemployment while respecting human rights and law rule (Ghatak & Gold, 2017).
Research Question What is the impact of young male terrorist and unemployment? (this is the research question to use)
Because violence involves civil society or a nation's infrastructure—sometimes but not always citizens and often to intimidate, coercion, or influence domestic policies. The problem of national security and critical infrastructure needs must be addressed through objective analysis that assists government agencies in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery by preventing, mitigating, and improving disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.
Subsidiary Questions sub area of joblessness (1 topic) sub are of terrorism of economic poverty/extremist (topics)
How can state policies' effectiveness and credibility against Terrorism be jeopardized if the state uses its power to violate universal human rights laws by any of its agencies? Is it especially important for police to be held accountable for their actions to maintain credibility, confidence, trust, and public support, given that they play such a critical role in counter-terrorism? It is not clear that an official appointment as terrorists of domestic extremists would provide further benefits that overweight potential risks to the USA's civil freedoms. (this is another study) (must be revised to unemployment and young male terrorist)
Significance of the Study
This paper looks at how youth unemployment is linked to Palestinian violence. The underlying mechanism first comes with a qualitative explanation. Eventually, empirical results show that the growth in youth unemployment and the brutality and incidence of violence, supported by the number of casualties, and incidents are positively connected. Terrorist acts can have negative consequences for the economy. The most obvious is that property and life are being destroyed directly. Terrorism affects the economy indirectly by creating market uncertainty, xenophobia, tourism loss, and increased insurance claims.
Null Hypothesis
It is commonly assumed that domestic terror would be minimal if the government provided full employment. A combined government effort that helps to mitigate violence by hate groups and also actively curb the flow of online disinformation could be an excellent first step towards reducing home-grown extremism.
Hypothesis: Home terrorism is linked to the unemployment rate. The null hypothesis, in contrast, is that the rate of unemployment is not related to domestic Terrorism.
Alternative Hypothesis
The supplementary assumption says that political rights have an important role and are related positively to domestic Terrorism. In addition to increasing the employment rate, if there is a more authoritarian government, it will help mitigate domestic Terrorism. That's why the unemployment gap caused domestic terrorists to be recruited. They benefit the desperate young people by promising them better wages than the government offers and protecting their families.
Limitations of the Research
Resources are unavailable as small sample size and a faulty methodology; the study's limitation is its defects or weaknesses. No study is entirely perfect or all possible features included. Consequently, the research constraints are largely due to insufficient resources and a population not prepared to supply data. Time constraints are also part of the limitations in the conduct of the study.
Delimitations of the Research
This study's focus was often criticized for being too narrow, event-driven, and overly linked to governments' anti-terrorism policies. The analysis of keywords in this article evaluates the extent to which these issues remain in terrorist literature. Nonetheless, the research focuses on several fluctuations, domestic terrorism research, and unemployment research (Coccia, 2018). It has kept a strong focus more generally on domestic Terrorism and the geographical areas closely linked with this kind of terrorist violence.
Definitions
The definition of domestic Terrorism under the 2001 U.S. Patriot Act is "activities involving acts that are a danger to people and violated U.S. or state criminal laws." Unemployment is defined as when a person who is actively looking for a job cannot find a job. The health of the economy is often measured by unemployment.
Summary
Chapter 1 looked at the purpose of the study and developed research questions based on the review of the literature and available scholarly research. Chapter 2 will look at the available scholarly research related to the proposed topic.
Chapter II
Chapter 1 looked at the purpose of the study and developed research questions based on the review of the literature and available scholarly research. Chapter 2 will look at the available scholarly research related to the proposed topic.
Literature Review
Partnership for Homeland Security
This paper examines how the 2002 Homeland Security Act (H.S. Act), which established the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), brought together 22 different organizations to help deter terrorist attacks in the United States. It reduces the country's vulnerability to terrorist attacks, and mitigate damage, and aid recovery after terrorist attacks. The act established the Department's specific home security responsibilities, such as information sharing between its organizations, other federal agencies, government agencies and local authorities, the private sector, and others to carry out this mission.
Forms of Public-Private Partnership
In light of a case study into the role of private financial institutions in countering terrorist funding, this paper explores the rationales and real effects of public-private collaborations in counter-terrorism and job growth. It shows that private enterprises' roles regularly and voluntarily in the fight against terror are still unknown. Private industry actors may choose to take some safety risks as profit rather than security rather than directly address them, which is expected of public authorities.
Partnership in Critical Infrastructure Protection
This paper outlines the federal government's ability to issue warnings of increased terrorist interest in industrial control systems, citing domestic terrorist groups' interest in critical infrastructure and increased cyber-assaults on essential systems of I.T. by jobless I.T. professionals (Busch & Givens, 2012). A successful cyber-attack on critical industrial control systems in infrastructure may potentially impact temporary service loss to a catastrophic failure in infrastructure affecting multiple countries for a long time.
Critical Infrastructure Partnership Model
This paper looks at how vital infrastructure owners and operators are evaluating their vulnerability and increasing security investments to combat the threat posed by unemployed people or others who want to damage the U.S. State and local governments around the country are continuing to take critical measures to recognize and secure their most valuable assets and services. The federal departments and agencies take stock of critical assets in close coordination with industry and promote protective measures while improving the timely sharing of important security data or any other terrorist types that could harm the country (Caldwell & Wilshusen, 2014).
Collaboration as Public Policy
This paper looks at how public policy can be implemented to ensure counter-terrorism measures are well-set and put in place. Public policy is simply what the government does or does not do in regard to a problem that comes to them for consideration and possible action. The federal government and police can develop written policy approaches that illustrate the commitment of these police to counter-terrorism related arrests and terrorist alerts. The standard operating procedures that govern action by the police should be made available for public review especially the ones that contain very detailed information about strategies and tactical deployments. However, there should be a presumption in favor of publication, with only sensitive tactics and methodologies held hidden.
What is Collaboration?
This paper focuses on the concept of collaboration in relation to quality comprehension. Collaboration, according to the intelligent information management glossary, is a working practice in which people collaborate for the shared aim of achieving the same goal. Synchronous and Asynchronous are the two types of collaboration. When one communicates in real time, it is referred to as synchronous, and when the interaction is time-shifted, it is referred to as asynchronous.
Collaboration, Cooperation, and Coordination
The relationship between collaboration, cooperation, and coordination is also examined in this paper. Interorganizational activities and partnerships revolve around these three activities. Coordination, according to Gulati et al. (2012: 533-537), is characterized as the deliberate and orderly synchronization or modification of a partner's behavior in order to achieve mutually agreed goals. Cooperation is characterized as the pursuit of mutually agreed-upon objectives in a way that reflects a shared understanding of contributions and rewards. Collaboration relies on openness and knowledge sharing as well as some section of focus and accountability. Additionally, governance is also established (Ansell & Gash, 2008).
Collaboration as a Multidimensional Process
The local government, in collaboration with city officials and federal government, plan a forum that unite community members in the discussion of pressing matters affecting them and the security concerns that surround the municipality in matters related to terrorism specific to a neighborhood (Agranoff & McGuire, 2003). Local cops weigh in on the debates by expressing their thoughts based on their personal knowledge of the group, publicly accessible demographic and socioeconomic data, and data from police reports, such as crime statistics. The meeting's goal is for both parties to come up with a set of goals that they can work on together over time.
The Dependence on Trust
This paper also gives a focus on how engagements and exercises help in the building of trust (Colquitt, Scott, & LePine, 2007). Individuals must be aware of how the knowledge they provide can aid in prevention and security efforts, and have confidence that those who receive it will respond quickly and responsibly. To foster this confidence, the division of security must make every effort to convene locally focused practical exercises that bring together key stakeholders to examine how information is collected, exchanged, and used for prevention and protection missions. Predictability of outcomes and an assessment of consequences in terms of self-interest or principles are key elements of trust (Stanford Encyclopedia of Trust, 2006).
Defining Trust
This paper dives deeper to define the word trust in a simple manner that is very easy to fathom. According to the Merriam-webster dictionary, trust refers to the reliance on the truthfulness or accuracy of something or someone. This is the firm belief in the reliability, truth or ability of someone or something. Trust is important because it helps us to rely on one another for matters such as advice without being compelled by external forces to do this (Bachmann & Inkpen, Understanding Institutional-based Trust Building Processes in Inter-organizational Relationships, 2011). Trust is very risky because of the grounds that it is warranted in the sense of it can be easily shattered.
The evolution of society necessitates the evolution of complex trust structures that integrate the social system and create bonds that enable strangers to interact. Predictability of outcomes and an assessment of consequences in terms of self-interest or principles are key elements of trust (Currall & Inkpen, A Multilevel Approach to Trust in Joint Ventures, 2002). Predictability is enhanced by values, ethics, and norms. The terrorist creates an unexpected incident with negative consequences, losing trust in the process. Terrorist-like scenarios, on the other hand, arise in everyday life. The world is becoming more interdependent and unpredictable as a result of technology."
Who Trusts Whom
The level of trust and collaboration that currently exists between the police and the general public determines how and to what degree community policing will assist in the fight against terrorism. So as to build public trust, a lot of investment in time and effort by the authorities is needed. Once trust has been built, it becomes easier to communicate and help in identify terror suspects within the community (Colquitt, Scott, & LePine, 2007).
Antecedents of Trust: Trust Beliefs
The antecedents of trust are also examined in this article. According to a model suggested by Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman in 1995, the perceived attributes of the trustee and the trustor have the greatest effect on the trustor's intention to trust. The trustee's perceived capability, benevolence, and integrity were found to predict an individual's intention to trust. Propensity to trust, or an individual's tendency to trust, was correlated with intention to trust when information about trustworthiness was unclear; however, when information about trustworthiness was explicit, propensity to trust was not correlated with intention to trust. To claim that situational strength is a boundary condition for the relationship between trust tendency and trust intent, the principle of strong and weak circumstances is used (Currall & Judge, Measuring Trust between Organizational Boundary Role Persons, 1995).
Several high-profile cases involving allegations of excessive force against individuals and resulting civil unrest have sparked interest in what role Congress could play in promoting efforts to create trust between the police and the people they represent. Individuals and police officers have become very distrustful of each other as a result of this (Das & Teng, 2001).
The Trust Building Process
This paper delves further into the trust-building process. Interaction with or understanding of the individual, location, feeling, sensation, occurrence, or something with whom you are currently distrustful is how confidence is established. Trust is an ability that can be mastered. It entails a continuous cycle of relationship growth, contact, and intervention (Ferrin, Bligh, & Kohles, 2007). Doing what you say you'll do, for example, creates confidence. Building trust is a process that involves layering deeper levels of trust on top of each other. This is also a mechanism that operates in reverse when acts do not fit words and confidence is broken (Lewicki & Bunker, Developing and Maintaining Trust in Work Relationships, 1996). Three components of building trust process exist and are such as code of Honor, extend trust and to be open.
Some of the steps that can be taken to build trust are such as communicating promptly and frequently during critical incidents. By allowing the community members to access info about the scene is quite important as it makes the community feel involved in such a process (Gulati & Sytch, 2008). Fostering interaction between law enforcement and residents will help you build partnerships with the community. Convening monthly meetings with community members, the bicycle and foot patrols, and developing initiatives that encourage people to participate, such as Coffee with a Cop, Neighborhood Watch, and National Night Out, are all effective strategies.
Trust Inhibitors
This paper takes a further look at the trust inhibitors. According to David Horsager, examples of trust of inhibitors are such as the lack of integrity, accountability, transparency, vagueness, unfair power relations, the inability to include others, ego, dishonesty and closed-mindedness. Maintaining public safety and effective policing necessitates good, mutually trusting partnerships between police departments and the communities they serve (McAllister, Lewicki, & Chaturvedi, 2006). Local residents are expected to report crimes in their neighborhoods and to work with the police to develop solutions to crime and disorder problems. Public members' desire to trust the police is also dependent on their perception that police actions are consistent with community values and follow procedural fairness and credibility principles.
Many civil rights advocates and police executives often advocate for diversity, racial prejudice, and cultural competency training for officers at all levels. Many cities and towns have diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds and traditions, and it is important for officers to be able to interact effectively with these groups and appreciate their cultural norms. This will help in increasing the levels of trust among diverse groups (McEvily, Perrone, & Zaheer, Trust as an Organizing Principle, 2003). It is also imperative that the police are visible in their communities and are known to the residents.
Police officers should see themselves as members of the communities they represent, and city government officials, police representatives, and community members should allow officers to participate actively in the peacekeeping process. Police officers may be encouraged to engage in peace marches, local sports activities, neighborhood barbeques, or outdoor group "movie nights" for kids, for example.
Summary
Chapter 2 looked at the available scholarly research related to the proposed topic. Chapter 3 will explain the Methodology used to collect and analyze the data. The research design and instruments used to gather the data are explained.
Chapter III
Methodology
20
Chapter 2 looked at the available scholarly research related to the proposed topic. Chapter 3 will explain the Methodology used to collect and analyze the data. The research design and instruments used to gather the data are explained.
The purpose of this research is to establish a connection between unemployment and young terrorists. The global unemployment rate has risen, especially among youths. The majority of them are recent graduates with high hopes, particularly given the government's promises of job opportunities.
Research Model
The document uses a qualitative model of research. Qualitative modeling will focus on the claims and argue that the principal reason for the increase in domestic Terrorism is unemployment. It is used to understand ongoing aspects of domestic terror. Qualitative models will be critical to formalizing daily notions of causality and explain how certain groups that pose a threat to public safety are established and relationships in perceptual processes.
Research Design
The research design in this paper is the problem of research. The research problem is how young unemployment as a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or knowledge gap that I will address in research has had an essential role in domestic terror. The paper may look for practical problems to contribute to change or theoretical issues to expand awareness of how domestic Terrorism can be mitigated.
Response
The coincidence of riots and youth unemployment has raised questions about whether youth employment, on the one hand, is connected with conflict, political violence, and even terror on the other. Ayhan & Bursa (2019) argues that youth unemployment generates a large pool of youth who are more prone to rebel or terrorist recruitment. Also, they argued that the most vulnerable countries with weak political institutions are youth-related violence and social unrest.
Survey Design
In this research, the survey design is a face-to-face survey design, which results in profound, face-to-face interviews when a complex terrorist issue has to be resolved. This method is the highest response rate, but it can be expensive. Facing-to-face is very important as it helps collect directly related data and information about domestic Terrorism and the impact of young people's high unemployment rate.
Summary
Chapter 3 explained the Methodology used to collect and analyze the data. The research design and instruments used to gather the data are explained. Chapter 4 considers whether the Hypotheses were supported or not supported and analyzes the impact of the findings in Chapter 3.
Chapter IV
Results and Findings
Chapter 3 explained the Methodology used to collect and analyze the data. The research design and instruments used to gather the data are explained. Chapter 4 considers whether the Hypotheses were supported or not supported, and analyzes the impact of the findings in Chapter 3.
As described in Chapter II, a significant body of cross-disciplinary literature suggests that trust is a critical component of successful collaboration. This research was undertaken to examine the phenomenon in the specific context of public–private…
Response Rate
Demographic Characteristics
Data Analysis
Trustor’s propensity to trust.
Interorganizational trust.
Trust beliefs: institutional factors.
Statement 1.
Reliability and Validity
Reliability.
Validity.
This section is for future reference, not this paper.
Summary
Chapter 4 considered whether the Hypotheses were supported or not supported, and analyzes the impact of the findings in Chapter 3. Chapter 5 presents a summary of the research, conclusions and recommendations for further research.
CHAPTER V
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Summary of the Research
The purpose of this research study was to ….
Chapter 1 looked at the purpose of the study and developed research questions based on the review of the literature and available scholarly research. Chapter 2 looked at the available scholarly research related to the proposed topic. Chapter 3 explained the Methodology used to collect and analyze the data. The research design and instruments used to gather the data are explained. Chapter 4 considered whether the Hypotheses were supported or not supported, and analyzes the impact of the findings in Chapter 3. Chapter 5 presents a summary of the research, conclusions and recommendations for further research.
Conclusions
Recommendations
Policy.
Practice.
Future Research
Appendix A
IRB Approval Letter
Appendix B
Critical Infrastructure Sectors
Appendix C
Survey Instrument
Reference
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