Research Paper, in professional security related to young male terrorist and unemployment.

PERCEPTIONS OF TRUST IN

PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION -- IMPLICATIONS FOR

CIVIL SECURITY, LEADERSHIP, POLICY, AND MANAGEMENT

by

Arturo Flores

Research Methods

Michael Krantz, CPP, Ph.D.

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the class Research Methods

New Jersey City University

2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES xi

CHAPTER

I. INTRODUCTION 1

Statement of the Problem 4

Purpose of the Research 6

Research Question 7

Subsidiary Questions 7

Significance of the Study 8

Limitations of the Research 8

Delimitations of the Research 9

Definitions 9

Outline of the Research Study 11

II. LITERATURE REVIEW 13

Public–Private Partnership for Homeland Security 14

Forms of Public–Private Partnership 15

Partnership in Critical Infrastructure Protection 17

Critical Infrastructure Partnership Model 18

Challenges to Effective Partnerships 20

Collaboration as Public Policy 22

What is Collaboration? 23

Collaboration, Cooperation, and Coordination 26

Collaboration as a Multidimensional Process 27

The Dependence on Trust 29

Defining Trust 31

Who Trusts Whom? 33

Antecedents of Trust: Trust Beliefs 35

The Trust Building Process 40

Trust Inhibitors 43

III. METHODOLOGY 47

Research Model 48

Research Design 51

Response 52

Survey Design 53

Summary 54

IV. RESULTS AND FINDINGS 55

166

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 172

Summary of the Research 172

Conclusions 174

Recommendations 176

Policy 177

Practice 177

Future Research 179

REFERENCES 181

APPENDIX A. IRB Approval Letter 192

APPENDIX B. Critical Infrastructure Sectors 193

APPENDIX C. Survey Instrument 193

Chapter I

Introduction

Many countries are worried about their possible contributions to unrest and instability because of increasing unemployment rates and population (youth bulge). I will use a cross-country panel database to examine the potential contributions to domestic Terrorism of youth unemployment. The result is a good relationship between domestic Terrorism and youth unemployment, depending on the various development factors, including corruption, the inefficiency of public authorities, and the absence of the rule of law (this is a different study). Youth unemployment, however, is not an essential predictor of transnational Terrorism across countries, as expected. We end by emphasizing that the role of unemployed youth in preventing Terrorism must be taken into more significant consideration.

Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine a potential impact on young male terrorists. Globally, the unemployment rate has escalated, especially among youths. Most of them are graduates who have high expectations, especially with the government's promises of employment opportunities. Such circumstances result in unhappy lives, mental issues, and community despise… Purpose of the Research

This investigation aims to view Terrorism as a rejection of democracy and human rights, (this is a different study) with unemployment rates playing a key role in domestic Terrorism. The OSCE's participating countries are dedicated, without exception, to combating all acts of Terrorism as the most severe crimes. This study looks at how states, specifically police authorities, are required to protect all persons within their jurisdictions from Terrorism and the right to life, protection, and other human and fundamental freedoms, as part of their human rights obligations. This calls for a comprehensive anti-terrorist approach by reducing unemployment while respecting human rights and law rule (Ghatak & Gold, 2017).

Research Question What is the impact of young male terrorist and unemployment? (this is the research question to use)

Because violence involves civil society or a nation's infrastructure—sometimes but not always citizens and often to intimidate, coercion, or influence domestic policies. The problem of national security and critical infrastructure needs must be addressed through objective analysis that assists government agencies in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery by preventing, mitigating, and improving disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.

Subsidiary Questions sub area of joblessness (1 topic) sub are of terrorism of economic poverty/extremist (topics)

How can state policies' effectiveness and credibility against Terrorism be jeopardized if the state uses its power to violate universal human rights laws by any of its agencies? Is it especially important for police to be held accountable for their actions to maintain credibility, confidence, trust, and public support, given that they play such a critical role in counter-terrorism? It is not clear that an official appointment as terrorists of domestic extremists would provide further benefits that overweight potential risks to the USA's civil freedoms. (this is another study) (must be revised to unemployment and young male terrorist)

Significance of the Study

This paper looks at how youth unemployment is linked to Palestinian violence. The underlying mechanism first comes with a qualitative explanation. Eventually, empirical results show that the growth in youth unemployment and the brutality and incidence of violence, supported by the number of casualties, and incidents are positively connected. Terrorist acts can have negative consequences for the economy. The most obvious is that property and life are being destroyed directly. Terrorism affects the economy indirectly by creating market uncertainty, xenophobia, tourism loss, and increased insurance claims.

Null Hypothesis

It is commonly assumed that domestic terror would be minimal if the government provided full employment. A combined government effort that helps to mitigate violence by hate groups and also actively curb the flow of online disinformation could be an excellent first step towards reducing home-grown extremism.

Hypothesis: Home terrorism is linked to the unemployment rate. The null hypothesis, in contrast, is that the rate of unemployment is not related to domestic Terrorism.

Alternative Hypothesis

The supplementary assumption says that political rights have an important role and are related positively to domestic Terrorism. In addition to increasing the employment rate, if there is a more authoritarian government, it will help mitigate domestic Terrorism. That's why the unemployment gap caused domestic terrorists to be recruited. They benefit the desperate young people by promising them better wages than the government offers and protecting their families.

Limitations of the Research

Resources are unavailable as small sample size and a faulty methodology; the study's limitation is its defects or weaknesses. No study is entirely perfect or all possible features included. Consequently, the research constraints are largely due to insufficient resources and a population not prepared to supply data. Time constraints are also part of the limitations in the conduct of the study.

Delimitations of the Research

This study's focus was often criticized for being too narrow, event-driven, and overly linked to governments' anti-terrorism policies. The analysis of keywords in this article evaluates the extent to which these issues remain in terrorist literature. Nonetheless, the research focuses on several fluctuations, domestic terrorism research, and unemployment research (Coccia, 2018). It has kept a strong focus more generally on domestic Terrorism and the geographical areas closely linked with this kind of terrorist violence.

Definitions

The definition of domestic Terrorism under the 2001 U.S. Patriot Act is "activities involving acts that are a danger to people and violated U.S. or state criminal laws." Unemployment is defined as when a person who is actively looking for a job cannot find a job. The health of the economy is often measured by unemployment.

Summary

Chapter 1 looked at the purpose of the study and developed research questions based on the review of the literature and available scholarly research. Chapter 2 will look at the available scholarly research related to the proposed topic.

Chapter II

Chapter 1 looked at the purpose of the study and developed research questions based on the review of the literature and available scholarly research. Chapter 2 will look at the available scholarly research related to the proposed topic.

Literature Review

Partnership for Homeland Security

This paper examines how the 2002 Homeland Security Act (H.S. Act), which established the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), brought together 22 different organizations to help deter terrorist attacks in the United States. It reduces the country's vulnerability to terrorist attacks, and mitigate damage, and aid recovery after terrorist attacks. The act established the Department's specific home security responsibilities, such as information sharing between its organizations, other federal agencies, government agencies and local authorities, the private sector, and others to carry out this mission.

Forms of Public-Private Partnership

In light of a case study into the role of private financial institutions in countering terrorist funding, this paper explores the rationales and real effects of public-private collaborations in counter-terrorism and job growth. It shows that private enterprises' roles regularly and voluntarily in the fight against terror are still unknown. Private industry actors may choose to take some safety risks as profit rather than security rather than directly address them, which is expected of public authorities.

Partnership in Critical Infrastructure Protection

This paper outlines the federal government's ability to issue warnings of increased terrorist interest in industrial control systems, citing domestic terrorist groups' interest in critical infrastructure and increased cyber-assaults on essential systems of I.T. by jobless I.T. professionals. A successful cyber-attack on critical industrial control systems in infrastructure may potentially impact temporary service loss to a catastrophic failure in infrastructure affecting multiple countries for a long time.

Critical Infrastructure Partnership Model

This paper looks at how vital infrastructure owners and operators are evaluating their vulnerability and increasing security investments to combat the threat posed by unemployed people or others who want to damage the U.S. State and local governments around the country are continuing to take critical measures to recognize and secure their most valuable assets and services. The federal departments and agencies take stock of critical assets in close coordination with industry and promote protective measures while improving the timely sharing of important security data or any other terrorist types that could harm the country.

Summary

Chapter 2 looked at the available scholarly research related to the proposed topic. Chapter 3 will explain the Methodology used to collect and analyze the data. The research design and instruments used to gather the data are explained.

Chapter III

Methodology

11

Chapter 2 looked at the available scholarly research related to the proposed topic. Chapter 3 will explain the Methodology used to collect and analyze the data. The research design and instruments used to gather the data are explained.

The purpose of this research is to establish a connection between unemployment and young terrorists. The global unemployment rate has risen, especially among youths. The majority of them are recent graduates with high hopes, particularly given the government's promises of job opportunities.

Research Model

The document uses a qualitative model of research. Qualitative modeling will focus on the claims and argue that the principal reason for the increase in domestic Terrorism is unemployment. It is used to understand ongoing aspects of domestic terror. Qualitative models will be critical to formalizing daily notions of causality and explain how certain groups that pose a threat to public safety are established and relationships in perceptual processes.

Research Design

The research design in this paper is the problem of research. The research problem is how young unemployment as a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or knowledge gap that I will address in research has had an essential role in domestic terror. The paper may look for practical problems to contribute to change or theoretical issues to expand awareness of how domestic Terrorism can be mitigated.

Response

The coincidence of riots and youth unemployment has raised questions about whether youth employment, on the one hand, is connected with conflict, political violence, and even terror on the other. Ayhan & Bursa (2019) argues that youth unemployment generates a large pool of youth who are more prone to rebel or terrorist recruitment. Also, they argued that the most vulnerable countries with weak political institutions are youth-related violence and social unrest.

Survey Design

In this research, the survey design is a face-to-face survey design, which results in profound, face-to-face interviews when a complex terrorist issue has to be resolved. This method is the highest response rate, but it can be expensive. Facing-to-face is very important as it helps collect directly related data and information about domestic Terrorism and the impact of young people's high unemployment rate.

Summary

Chapter 3 explained the Methodology used to collect and analyze the data. The research design and instruments used to gather the data are explained. Chapter 4 considers whether the Hypotheses were supported or not supported and analyzes the impact of the findings in Chapter 3.

Chapter IV

Results and Findings

Chapter 3 explained the Methodology used to collect and analyze the data. The research design and instruments used to gather the data are explained. Chapter 4 considers whether the Hypotheses were supported or not supported, and analyzes the impact of the findings in Chapter 3.

As described in Chapter II, a significant body of cross-disciplinary literature suggests that trust is a critical component of successful collaboration. This research was undertaken to examine the phenomenon in the specific context of public–private…

Response Rate

Demographic Characteristics

Data Analysis

Trustor’s propensity to trust.

Interorganizational trust.

Trust beliefs: institutional factors.

Statement 1.

Reliability and Validity

Reliability.

Validity.

This section is for future reference, not this paper.

Summary

Chapter 4 considered whether the Hypotheses were supported or not supported, and analyzes the impact of the findings in Chapter 3. Chapter 5 presents a summary of the research, conclusions and recommendations for further research.

CHAPTER V

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary of the Research

The purpose of this research study was to ….

Chapter 1 looked at the purpose of the study and developed research questions based on the review of the literature and available scholarly research. Chapter 2 looked at the available scholarly research related to the proposed topic. Chapter 3 explained the Methodology used to collect and analyze the data. The research design and instruments used to gather the data are explained. Chapter 4 considered whether the Hypotheses were supported or not supported, and analyzes the impact of the findings in Chapter 3. Chapter 5 presents a summary of the research, conclusions and recommendations for further research.

Conclusions

Recommendations

Policy.

Practice.

Future Research

Appendix A

IRB Approval Letter

Appendix B

Critical Infrastructure Sectors

Appendix C

Survey Instrument

Reference

Adelaja, A., & George, J. (2020). Is youth unemployment related to Domestic Terrorism? Perspectives on Terrorism, 14(5), 41-62. Retrieved from https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2020/issue-5/adelaja-and-george-2.0.pdf.

Ayhan, F., & Bursa, N. (2019). Unemployment and Crime Nexus in European Union Countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(34), 465-484. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/815691.

Coccia, M. (2018). The Relation between Terrorism and High Population Growth. Journal of Economics and Political Economy, 5(1), 84-104. Retrieved from http://zbw.eu/econis-archiv/bitstream/11159/2079/1/1027962920.pdf.

Ray, C. (2020). Mind Your Youth: Youth Unemployment and Islamic Radicalization. Retrieved from https://egrove.olemiss.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2353&context=hon_thesis.

Gouda, M., & Marktanner, M. (2017). Muslim Youth Unemployment and Expat Jihadism: Bored to Death? Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 42(10), 878-897. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5082&context=facpubs.

Ghatak, S., & Gold, A. (2017). Development, Discrimination, and Domestic Terrorism: Looking beyond a Linear Relationship. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 34(6), 618-639. DOI: 10.1177/0738894215608511.