10-15 pages history term paper need to be done in 12hours

1. The history of Canada's acceptance of refugees

Canada is a north American country that became independent in the 1867 and this marked the beginning of its independent immigration and legislative policy.

But Before 1867 , Canada already had the records of refugees, especially during the American War of Independence, the Canadians had welcomed the refugee who from the United States and these people were the ones who loyal to the Queen's and people who were reluctant to join the war, they left the United States and went to Canada to settle down. In addition, during the American Civil War, there are many slaves and blacks fled from the United States to Canada.

In 1869, the Canadian government enacted the first immigration laws in the country and from this new piece of legislation there were no exceptions for the refuge trying to enter

So the refugees and other immigrants could submit their applications through Canadian immigration offices in Canada or at customs offices in Canada if they meet the conditions (including economic conditions and health conditions), they were allowed to live permanently in Canada.

The First and the Second World war had a great impact to Canada as more people who wanted to seek refuge in the country increased tremendously

The war caused many people to be left homeless and also persecuted in other war-torn areas of the world

However, the government had adopted a policy controlling and tightening the admission of refugees into the country because

The Canadian government was feared that increase in the number of immigrants in the country would definitely increase the unemployment in the country which was increasing at a steady rate

In 1922, the League of Nations convened an intergovernmental meeting and developed the "Nansen passport" to provide travel protection for asylum seekers, but Canada refused to pass the passport of refugees into Canada because it did not allow for the return of refugees.

Things escalated from bad to worse where the Canadian governor went ahead to sign a next order In 1923, the Canadian Government signed an executive order to exclude Asian immigrants into Canadian communities, Although immigration from most countries was controlled or restricted in some way, only the Chinese were so completely prohibited from immigrating

In the 1930s, the Canadian government deported laborers and communists who held refugee immigrant visas due to the recession and fears of the communist revolution

After World War II, Canada's refugee policy gradually liberalized, with the participation of government and civil society and individuals, Canada began to increasingly assume the responsibility of accepting refugees.

Between 1946 and 1962, Canada accepted 250,000 refugees from Europe and other regions

2. Canada as a country completely signed the United Nation’s Convention in 1976 and 2001 that was meant to protect the rights of refugees from discrimination and grant them the rights to other things. This was marked by revision and development of immigration laws in 1976 thus making it had for the lives of the refugees much better. Unlike other countries around the world Canada has its uniqueness in immigration which is characterized by refugee applications, qualification screening and refugee social integration.

In accordance with the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2001, The refugee applicants are free to apply either from Canada or outside the country and the candidates will stand a chance to be involved in the In-Canada Asylum program and also can be enrolled in the Humanitarian Resettlement Program.

Need Government subsidy or Civil guarantees to enter the second step Qualification screening.

Applicants who have the Government subsidy are refugees who have resided in refugee camps.

Applicants who have the civil guarantees can be refugees who have resided in refugee camps and can be self-recommended

There are three categories of sponsors who apply for civil guarantees in Canada, the first is the Sponsorship Agreement Holders (SAH ) with the Federal Government Immigration Department , the majority of Canadian faith groups, and ethnic groups - cultural groups and other Social organization. SAH may recommend the applicant independently or in association with individuals or social organizations in the community. The second category is the Group of 5 ( G5 ), 5 (Quebec province for 2-5 ) Canadian permanent residents or citizens can be a joint sponsor, of which at least three people need to make a financial contribution. The third category is the Community Sponsor (CS ), social organizations, associations and companies that can be used as sponsors when they are certified to finance refugee settlement costs.

The Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada is responsible for screening the refugee status. It is usually presented by the prime minster and has 1000 employees. The main mandate of this council is to process applications for refugees and also handle appeals. Overtime, the screening process has been complex making it accused of inefficiencies as they cannot handle the demand.

In December 2012, the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act added

Balanced Refugee Reform Act and Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act

by means of two bills introduced "specify the country of origin regime" ( designated the countries of origin, DCOS ), that is, "national security list" for refugee claimants from a list of countries to take a shorter waiting time.

After obtaining a Canadian government subsidy or a private guarantee recommendation, Candidates will receive a notice from the Canadian Department of Immigration, who will be required to undergo a health check and a record without a criminal record then

The international organization (mainly the International Organization for Migration) has arranged for the journey to send the applicant to Canada.

Canadian government provides loans for health checks and international journeys through screening, and the applicant repays the loan in installments after arriving in Canada. After entering Canada, the government or private guarantor needs to provide refugee immigrants with personal and household expenses, including accommodation, food, education, and medical care, within the year following their arrival in Canada. In addition, the government arrangements for immigration services or by the civil guarantor is responsible for providing social integration services to refugees, to protect language learning, translation services, bank accounts and arrangements for family doctors. Refugee immigrants have access to work rights, medical services, social welfare and children's right to education after they enter Canada

Despite the many limitations of the Canadian refugee management system, such as refugee referral from country of origin restrictions, refugee acceptance quotas and ineffective screening of refugees, the uniqueness of Canada's refugee policy recommendations and scrutiny has made it more orderly for Canada to receive refugees . Canada has close cooperation with international organizations (including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Organization for Migration) to receive refugees based on Convention refugees. In addition, Canada can receive individuals and families in similar distress situations through private sponsorship programs. Through a combination of these two approaches, Canadian refugees receive more consideration for the personal and family needs of refugees. Coupled with the relative independence of the Canadian Immigration and Refugees Commission in the screening of refugees, Canada's refugee policy is a better indication of humanity Doctrine of ideas, without being subject to the national economic situation and other "national interests."

The Canadian government and civilians took a positive attitude and practice in the refugee crisis. In October 2015, the newly elected Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau promised the admission of 25,000 Syrian refugees until February 2016. And until the end of 2016, he promised to increase 10,000 refugees to enter Canada and in fact he met his commitment. Later in the March 2016, Trudeau committed in provided 2.45 billion Canadian dollars for refugee screening, overseas processing, transportation and resettlement from 2016-2021. In addition, from 2016-2019, promised to invest $ 1.6 billion for Security, Stability, Humanitarian and Development Support to Iraq, Syria, Jordan and Lebanon (Department of Finance Canada, 2016).

So finally, in 2016, the number of refugees eligible for Canadian refugees through civil guarantees was 17,800. The target for 2017 was 16,000. Which means Civil-sponsored refugees played an important role in recommending and accepting refugees.

For the European countries, the current refugee crisis is a crisis of screening, protection and resettlement of refugees. In the future, the social integration of refugees will further challenge the refugee policy and management of all countries. From Germany's experience, in 2015 and 2016, Germany received a total of about 111 million refugees, of which 61.5% (about 680,000) of the refugees passed the refugee qualification screening, access to legal residence in Germany. Due to differences in languages ​​and cultures of refugees, Germany passed the first "integration law" at the federal level in July 2016, hoping to encourage refugees to receive language training, vocational training and restrictions on places of residence through incentives and penalties to promote the social integration of refugees. The implementation of this policy requires the federal government to make great investment in financial, human and material resources, and to the present, due to lack of teachers and limited employment and other reasons, the effect of refugee society is still far from being demonstrated.

Compared with government subsidies and civil guarantees, civil guarantees cannot replace the government's leading role in receiving and placing refugees, but it has played a very good and crucial role. Civil society organizations and individuals can provide financial guarantees for refugee applicants to reduce the financial burden on government services in refugee services; more importantly, social organizations and individuals can help refugees integrate better and better into local communities and reduce refugees' the possibility of generating social security and social welfare burdens. From the experience of Canada, because of its refugee policy has greatly mobilized the resources and strength of the people, the refugees have achieved remarkable results in the speed and extent of integration. In the past few years, the number of refugees entering Canada through civil guarantees has grown rapidly, even more than the number of government-subsidized refugees. Most of the refugees have been associated with patrons through kinship or friends before entering the country. The Canadian government also encourages refugees to reside with their patrons after arriving, so that they can quickly integrate into Canadian society after entering. Most of the contemporary European countries have become racial and ethnic diversity, and their nationals and social organizations have many connections with other countries, so that they can learn from the Canadian practice and play more of the role of civil society and residents in immigration management.

In recent years, the issue of refugees and immigrants has risen to the issue of international security. The violent attacks in Paris and the multiple bloody German conflicts have brought Europe and the world into a new non-traditional security circle. How to solve the refugee issue has become the top priority in Europe and the United Nations.

From the current view, Canada has ensured that Syrian refugees are being peacefully, orderly and smoothly integrated into Canadian society due to Canada’s unique geographical location, a multilateral cooperation refugee policy, a humane resettlement path and the country's "multicultural" values.

According to the latest statistics from the Canadian Government Immigration Bureau, as of September 11, 2016, a total of 30,647 Syrian refugees have entered Canada, of which 16,350 were government-assisted refugees and 3,058 were government and Civil Guarantee assistants. Refugees are housed in 250 towns and cities respectively.

The Canadian government has simplified the process of accepting Syrian refugees, breaking down the complicated procedures and time-consuming process of screening ordinary refugees. However, there is a set of strict rules on which types of refugees to enter in Canada.

First of all, Canada actively cooperates with UNHCR（United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees） in admitting refugees. Therefore, Syria refugees accepted by Canada have conducted at least three safety reviews overseas, which are different from the screening by European refugees of Middle East in the Middle East.

Thanks to its far-reaching geopolitical position and its consistently adhered position of refugees in the UN framework, most of the refugees in Canada are from three UN refugee camps in Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan who have lived in camps for a long time As a matter of time, UNHCR（United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees） has carried out a detailed investigation and registration of their background. On this basis, overseas Canadian immigration authorities also use the NATO（North Atlantic Treaty Organization） shared files as well as the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), the FBI and the Israeli anti-terrorism department to conduct a further background investigation of anti-terrorism information. Finally, the RCMP（Royal Canadian Mounted Police）, the Border Intelligence Agency and the Immigration Department Joint interview, each refugee also needs to undergo a series of security checks and medical examination such as iris scan, to minimize the possibility of terrorists mixed.

Second, for security reasons, the Canadian government changed the criteria for applicants. Only accept Women and children on refugee camp and stay-at-home males, do not accept Syrian male refugees traveling to Canada alone. However, Priority is accorded to families with two or more children. Based on the work experience of Western intelligence agencies, families with two or more young children have almost no issues of national security and are the most insured groups.

At the same time, Canada implements government assistance, non-governmental (church / community / private) guarantee assistance, civil society and government assistance in accepting Syrian refugees. This route of refugees' access is safe and manageable.

Geographical advantage + people, refugees actively integrate into Canada

Unlike European countries, the vast Atlantic Ocean between Canada and Europe cut off refugees by boating, walking and other migratory routes. At the same time, many of the refugees, owing to their geographical remoteness, are reluctant to travel to Canada for fear of language barriers, cold weather and away from home. Canada, in partnership with UNHCR, distributed survey volumes in camps to ask if they voluntarily emigrated to Canada, and only 6.3% of the 8,500 valid polls voluntarily immigrated to Canada.

As a result, voluntary and screening refugees are more motivated to take the initiative to integrate into the community after they arrive in Canada, especially those sponsored by the private sector, relying on communities, churches to place and study employment skills, or living with their relatives . The bonds of affection and healthy community ties have greatly accelerated their progress in employment, language learning and local social integration.

There are different voices of harmony

Since the violent attacks in Paris in 2015 and the series of terrorist attacks in Germany in 2016, the Canadian media and public opinion strongly question the feasibility and security of the Liberal government for the mass settlement of Syrian refugees. When the international crude oil price dropped sharply 2015 and the Canadian economy dropped sharply, the Canadian government will spend 1.2 billion Canadian dollars to settle the refugees in the next six years. This has led many Canadians to think that the national public financial resources should spend more In the case of local welfare programs, instead of assuming more international responsibility on their own terms.

A resident of Alberta launched a petition on the petition online in Canada on November 16 2015 asking the government to accept Syrian refugees on the premise of safeguarding social order and public safety in Canada. As of August 21, 44,800 people signed response. Will such an objection hinders Canada's access to more Syrian refugees? Can Syrian refugees realize the Canadian dream in general? This still requires us to continue to observe.