Reading and doing a little research
Cady2019
Archive.zipChapter 5-Organization1.pptx
COMX 111 Chapter 5: organization
Professor Erin Rasmussen
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Chapter 5: Organization
Organizational Strategy
Tell the audience what you are going to tell them
Tell the audience what you are telling them
Tell the audience what you told them
Outline Organization
Outlines
Logic – Does it fit with or support your topic?
Flow – Can the points be connected in a smooth way? Do the introduction and conclusion get you in and out of the speech?
Balance – Is each point supported equally?
Time – Is each section given appropriate time? Is each point given equal time?
Notes – Are you using your outline as a delivery aid?
An outline is a guideline, not a script.
Delivery Methods
Manuscript – speaker has an entire speech written out word-for-word in front of him/her as she/he speaks
Memorization – speaker commits an entire speech to memory and delivers it with no notes in front of him/her
Impromptu – presentation with little to no preparation
Extemporaneous - speech delivered with notes, but without the entire speech in front of the speaker
Types of Outlines
Brainstorm – Initial ideas
Rough Draft – Basic order of main points and sub-points in body
Speaker – Finished product; what you will use as a speaker
Audience – on a slide or handout
Outlining Format
Body of the Speech
Main Points – Roman numerals (I., II., III.)
Subpoints – A. and B.
Sub-subpoints – 1., 2., 3.,…
Example:
I.
A.
B.
1.
2.
Transition: II.
A.
B.
Transition:
III.
A.
B.
Main points support the thesis statement.
Subpoints support the main points.
Evidence supports the subpoints.
Body First
3 Main Points
Transitions - Connective statements
Cite Evidence
Visual Aid(s)
Decide on main points
Organizational Patterns
Topical
Example: Topic - Birds
Main Points - Cardinals, Orioles, Blue Jays
Time (Chronological)
Example: Topic - Montana Wildfires
Main Points - July, August, September
Order
Example: Topic - How to…
Step by step
Problem-Solution
Example: Topic - Environmental Law
Main Points - Problem needs to be addressed, Solution(s), Visualization
Transitions
Connective statements
Complementary – adds one idea to another
Also, and, in addition, likewise, not only
Casual – emphasizes a cause-and-effect relation between ideas
As a result, because, therefore
Contrasting – shows how ideas differ
Although, but, in contrast, however, on the other hand
Chronological – shows time relationship between ideas
After, at last, while
Introduction
Question
Quotation
Statistic
Narrative (Short Story)
Humor
Topic/Purpose – Thesis Statement
Audience Motivation (Relevance)
Speaker Credibility
Preview of Main Points
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Conclusion
Review of Main Points and Purpose Restatement
Audience Re-Motivation
Memorable Closing Statement
__MACOSX/._Chapter 5-Organization1.pptx
Chapter 1-Nerves.pptx
COMX 111US Introduction to Public Speaking Online Summer 2018
Professor Erin Rasmussen
“All speaking is public speaking whether it is to one person or a thousand.”
-Roger Love
Types and Purposes of Speeches
Persuade - change how people think or act
Inform - share, clarify, or apply knowledge
Entertain - for enjoyment; focused on theme or occasion
Importance of Public Speaking
Personal Benefits
Overcome fear
Boost self-esteem
Improve critical thinking
Improve communication skills
Professional Benefits
Experience presenting
Lead to leadership opportunities
Expand networks
Meet college and post-college expectations
Public Benefits
Inspire others
College Graduate Skills
Association of American Colleges and Universities
Ability to work well in teams
Understanding of science and technology
Ability to write and speak well
CBS Money Watch
Ability to effectively communicate orally
Ability to work effectively with others in teams
Ability to effectively communicate in writing
Forbes
Ability to work in a team structure
Ability to make decisions and solve problems
Ability to communicate verbally with people inside and outside an organization
Challenges of Public Speaking
Anxiety - fear or nervousness
Organization - Researching and putting together an outline with a thoroughly developed introduction, body, and conclusion with supporting signposts and transitions
Delivery - Verbal and nonverbal
Studying Communication
Use symbols, create meaning, and communicate ideas
From everyday conversations to public speaking
We are always communicating!
Environment
Types of Communication
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Group/Team Communication
Public Communication
Mass Communication
Chapter 1: Nerves
Glossophobia - fear of public speaking
Eustress - positive stress
Being nervous shows you care
Reduce nervousness
Prepare properly
Organize your outlines - Introduction, Body, and Conclusion
Practice out loud
Critique yourself
Visualize success
Dialogue with the audience
__MACOSX/._Chapter 1-Nerves.pptx
Chapter 9-Ethics.pptx
COMX 111 Persuasion Review Chapter 9: Ethics
Professor Erin Rasmussen
Persuasion – Strategy and Structure
What Type of Speech?
What are the needs of the audience?
Persuade
Inform
Entertain
Persuasion - the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s ideas, attitudes, or beliefs
We are constantly around messages from people trying to persuade us.
Persuasion has had a huge impact on our lives.
Video embedded in image.
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Considerations to Persuasive Speaking
How listeners process and respond to persuasive messages
Persuasion is something that the speaker does with the audience
Audience has a mental dialogue
As a speaker, consider objections and address those in your speech.
The target audience
Portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
Who is the target audience?
Videos embedded in images.
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Persuasion Speeches – Persuasive Strategies
Ethos - Ethical appeal
Speaker credibility
Character and experience
Logos - Logical appeal
Development of the argument
Pathos - Emotional appeal
Values and feelings of the audience
Videos embedded in images.
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Types of Propositions
Fact
Value
Policy
Fact – focus on a belief
Think true/false; is/is not
Examples
Obesity causes health problems.
Television violence leads to violent behavior in viewers.
Women have shattered the glass ceiling.
Value – focus on worth
Think good/bad; right/wrong
Examples
It is wrong to avoid jury duty.
The United States is the greatest nation on earth.
Designer babies are unethical.
Policy – focus on a course of action
Think Agency SHOULD act.
Examples
Montana State University should provide more parking spaces.
The NCAA should pay student athletes.
The United States Congress should increase NASA’s budget.
Persuasion and Ethics
“Real persuasion is convincing people to willingly and knowingly do as you ask. They can’t do that if you’ve deceived them. You must act ethically.”
-Tom Gorman
Ethics – principles of morality; the study of the difference between right and wrong
Based on a person’s values
Situational ethics – right or wrong changes depending on the situation
Would you…
…lie to someone so that you would not hurt their feelings?
…say something to the group of people who left their garbage from lunch sitting on the bench near where you were sitting?
...email a professor saying you missed class because you were sick even though you were not actually sick?
…text back a girl/boy you just met at a party even though you have a girlfriend/boyfriend?
…attend your best friend’s wedding or go to your grandparents’ 50th wedding anniversary party?
Ethical Guidelines
Do onto others as you would do onto them.
Follow your heart more than your head.
Be thoughtful in your words and actions.
Audience Before Yourself
The audience should benefit from your words.
Make a memory for the audience.
Integrity in your purpose
Pick a topic you care about.
Beneficial to the audience – Tell them!
Integrity in your content
Quotes out of Context
Omitting information
Half-Truths
Stretching Statistics
Boldfaced Lies
Fallacy – faulty logic
Plagiarism and Citation
Plagiarism – unattributed use of another’s ideas, words, or pattern of organization
Citation – attributed use of another’s ideas, words, or pattern of organization
__MACOSX/._Chapter 9-Ethics.pptx
Chapter 2-Setting Started.pptx
COMX 111 Chapter 2: Getting Started
Professor Erin Rasmussen
Chapter 2: Getting Started
Why Give The Speech?
Speeches have impact.
Praise what is good and reinforce it
Recommend how to be better and convince us that we should do better
Tell the audience exactly what you want them to do or think when they are done listening to the speech.
Understand your purpose for speaking!
What Type of Speech?
What are the needs of the audience?
Easy as PIE
Persuade
Inform
Entertain
Persuasion Speeches – Persuasive Strategies
Ethos - Ethical appeal
Speaker credibility
Character and experience
Logos - Logical appeal
Development of the argument
Pathos - Emotional appeal
Values and feelings of the audience
Persuasion Subsets
To convince - cause change
To reinenforce - strengthen a stand
To actuate - get action
To inspire - increase positive emotions
Persuasion happens in very small steps, over time.
Persuasion is more about “influence” than “power.”
When giving a persuasive speech,
Acknowledge the opposition.
Avoid absolutes.
Informative Speeches
Share knowledge
Clarify knowledge
Application of knowledge
Entertainment Speeches
Audience does not want a lot of information or to be persuaded.
Speeches still have organization with a theme.
Think about being interesting.
Where Will the Speech Happen?
Size and shape of the room?
Lighting? Sound?
Room arrangement?
Audience seating?
Technology?
When Will the Speech Happen?
When is the event? How much preparation time do you have?
How much time should you speak for?
Stay in time requirement
__MACOSX/._Chapter 2-Setting Started.pptx
Chapter 6-Delivery.pptx
COMX 111 Chapter 6: Delivery
Professor Erin Rasmussen
Chapter 6: Delivery
Be conversational
Be enthusiastic and sincere
Use sensory aids
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Methods of Delivery
Manuscript – speaker has an entire speech written out word-for-word in front of him/her as she/he speaks
Politicians, High-ranking officials in organizations, Eulogies, and Nerves
Oral citations and research evidence
Memorization – speaker commits an entire speech to memory and delivers it with no notes in front of him/her
Most time-consuming method
Introduction of a guest speaker, Wedding toast
Quotations
Impromptu – presentation with little to no preparation
When you are asked a question in class, at work, or in a meeting
When you contribute to a discussion
Extemporaneous - speech delivered with notes, but without the entire speech in front of the speaker
Incorporates the best parts of the other delivery types
Video embedded.
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Key Elements of Delivery
Verbal
Word choice, voice quality, articulation, pronunciation
Nonverbal
Appearance, sensory aids, eye contact, movement
Minimize noise
Speaker
Environment
Audience
Mental
Volume
We must hear you.
Eyes
You must look at us.
Face
Smile
Inflection
Movement
Gestures
Posture
Have energy!
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__MACOSX/._Chapter 6-Delivery.pptx
Chapter 4-Sensory Aids.pptx
COMX 111 Chapter 4: Sensory Aids
Professor Erin Rasmussen
Chapter 4: Sensory Aids
Appeal to the Brain
Logos
Pathos
Ethos
Make a Memory
Short and simple
Credible and current
Personal and professional
Appeal to All Senses
Use a Variety of Sensory Aids
Don’t BECOT without Sensory Aids
B - oard
E - lectronic
C - ostuming
O - bjects
T - ransparencies
Consider
-Audience
-You
-Location and equipment
Practice
Keep Simple
Board
Create movement
Human touch – different than “professional” graphics
Step-by-step teaching – build you aid as you speak
Do not turn your back on the audience
Electronic
Project photos
Play videos and music
Be conscious of time of clip
Explain the connection to topic
Create Powerpoints
Mix in other aids
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Costuming
You are the first visual aid the audience will see.
“Dress to Impress” or “Dress for Success”
Do not wear distracting costuming
Objects
Anything you can hold in your hand or touch
Like “Show and Tell”
Audience engagement
Transparencies
Flexibility
Sensory Aid Guidelines
Aids should be purposeful and PPPProfessional.
Prepared
Proofread
Practiced
Positioned
Incorporate aids into speech
Explain them; do not just have them there
Use a variety of aids
__MACOSX/._Chapter 4-Sensory Aids.pptx
Chapter 3-Content.pptx
COMX 111 Chapter 3: Content
Professor Erin Rasmussen
Topic Choice
Topic should be important to you.
What does the audience need to hear?
“Brainstorming” - gather ideas quickly
After brainstorming, then take time to consider the quality or usefulness of your ideas.
Purpose Statements
To Inform
Use descriptive verbs
“After listening to my speech, my audience will…
Know more about…”
Understand the difference…”
Recognize the benefits…”
To Persuade
Use action verbs
“After listening to my speech, my audience will…
Believe that…is wrong.”
Agree to…”
Change their minds about…”
Go…”
Research - SMILE
S - urveys
M - edia
I - nternet
L - ibrary
E - xpert Interviews
Surveys
Yourself
Peers
Networks
General Public
Published surveys
Media
Current topics or issues
Visual aids
“Entertainment” factor
Internet
Do not have as your only type of source
Be critical of information and its sources
Library
Reference Materials
Books
Government Publications
Journals
Online databases
http://www.lib.montana.edu/resources /
Expert Interviews
Narrow and define topic
Ideas for research
Strengthen credibility with the audience
Quality research guidelines
Start research early
Use credible sources
Track research carefully and cite correctly
Support - CENTS
C - omparisons and Contrast
E - xamples and Explanations
N - umbers (Statistics)
T - estimony (Quotations)
S - tories (Narration)
Comparisons and Contrasts
Examples and Explanations
“All my students submitted their assignments into the dropbox on time! This could mean my students are diligent and hard working.”
“All my students check D2L at least three times a week! This strengthens the claim that my students are diligent and hard working.”
Numbers (Statistics)
25% of smartphone owners ages 18-44 say they can’t recall the last time their smartphone wasn’t next to them.
More than 10 people a year are killed by a vending machine.
Each 5 m.p.h. you drive over 60 m.p.h. is like paying an additional $.10 a gallon for gas.
In an average hour, there are over 61,000 Americans airborne over the United States.
More than 50% of Americans fall asleep on their sides.
Testimony (Quotations)
Peer
“It’s not who we are underneath, but what we do that defines us.”
Expert
“Why do we fall? So we can learn to pick ourselves back up.”
Stories (narration)
Citing Sources
Include full citation following outline
APA citation
References
Must give credit (orally cite) to source during a speech
APA Citation - Books
Last name, First Initial. (Publication Year). Title of the book in italic form. Location: Publisher.
*Sentence tense: Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon, a dash, or a question mark in the title, and any proper nouns (names of people and places).
Gleick, J. (1987). Chaos: Making a new science. New York, NY: Penguin.
APA Citation - Journal Articles
Last Name, First Initial. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Journal in Italics, Volume in Italics(Issue Number), pages.
*Sentence tense in article titles. Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
*Title of journal and volume in italics. Issue not.
Duvall, J. N. (1994). The (super) marketplace of images: Television as unmediated mediation in DeLillo's white noise. Arizona Quarterly, 50(3), 127-53. doi:1000.12/15
APA Citation - Internet Journals
Last Name, First Initial. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical in Italic form, Volume in Italics(Issue Number). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume in Italics(Issue Number), page range. doi:0000000/000000000000
Price, J., Farrington, N., & Hall, L. (2013). Changing the game? The impact of Twitter on relationships between football clubs, supporters and the sports media. Soccer & Society, 14(4), 446-461. doi:10.1080/14660970.2013.810431
APA Citation - Newspapers
Last Name, First Initial. (Year, Month date). Title of article. Title of Newspaper in Italics, page number and letter.
Weir, T. & Farris, G. (2010, June 24). Web watch: Marathon match becomes place to be. USA Today, 3C.
APA Citation - Websites
Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of website. Retrieved from URL
Savant, R. (2016, August 3). Features that birds share with reptiles. Retrieved from https://www.buzzle.com/articles/features-that-birds-share-with-reptiles.html
Allow speakers to correctly quote supporting sources.
Includes citation information.
Evidence Cards
Citation Information: Author, Title, Date, and Page #
Direct quotation from the article
You can read this in your speech!
“According to Dr. John Johnson in the September 2015 issue of The Journal of Exercise Science…”
“In a 2014 interview with The New York Times, Oscar award winning actress Patricia Arquette expressed…”
“In her 2010 world renowned cook book entitled Cooking With Eggplant, expert chef Sally Smith states…”
“Marshawn Lynch, a professional football player for the Seattle Seahawks, stated in a 2015 interview with Sports Illustrated that, ‘I’m just here…’ ”
Oral Citations
