anatomy

The correct sequence of events in the healing of a cutaneous wound are as follows:

· A. Granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, blood clot formation, wound contraction

· B. Chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, granulation tissue formation, blood clot formation, wound contraction

· C.Angiogenesis, blood clot formation, wound contraction, chemotaxis of inflammatory cells

· D.Wound contraction, angiogenesis, chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, granulation tissue formation, blood clot formation

· E. Blood clot formation, chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, wound contraction

Which of the following ligands has a nuclear receptor?

· A. Thyroid hormone

· B. Eicosanoids

· C. Insulin

· D. Growth hormone

Which of the following statements is TRUE for tissue regeneration?

· A. Regeneration is most commonly seen in non-dividing tissues.

· B. Regeneration and repair are the terms used to describe the same process.

· C. Scar formation is characteristic of tissue regeneration.

· D. Loss of function is inevitable with tissue regeneration.

· E. An intact extracellular matrix is a prerequisite for tissue regeneration.

Pathophysiological factors behind neuropathy seen in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus include all of the following EXCEPT

· A. Glucose toxicity

· B. Microvascular changes leading to decreased nutrient supply to neurons

· C. Insulin resistance

· D. Autoantibodies against myelin protein

Statins are very frequently prescribed in the United States to reduce cholesterol and the risks of acute ischemic cardiac events and stroke. Which of the following conditions is the most common complication of statins?

· A. Toxic neuropathy

· B. Demyelination of neurons

· C. Guillian Barre syndrome

· D. Myopathy

Which of the following components of inflammation provide the first line of defense against an infection?

· A. Neutrophils migrating to the site of infection

· B. Monocyte migration and maturation to macrophages

· C. Increased production of granulocytes from the bone marrow

· D. Resident macrophages

Human immunodeficient virus causes immunosuppression leading to AIDS condition by directly attacking which of the following cell types?

· A. CD8 cells

· B. Suppressor T cells

· C. B lymphocytes

· D. Neutrophils

· E. CD4 cells

Which of the following is a good example for pathologic hypertrophy?

· A. Increase in the size of the heart due to aortic stenosis

· B. Decrease in the size of the brain due to aging

· C. Skin warts caused by papillomaviruses

· D. Barrett's esophagus

Isoprostanes are synthesized from arachidonic acid by which of the following eicosanoid biosynthetic pathways?

· A. Cyclooxygenase pathway

· B. Lipoxygenase pathway

· C. Non-enzymatic free radical pathway

· D. Cyt P450 pathway

· E. Death receptor pathway

Which of the following statements about the eicosanoids is TRUE?

· A. All eicosanoids exert their effects in an endocrine manner.

· B. Prostaglandins are directly synthesized from arachidonic acid in a single enzymatic step.

· C. Prostaglandin synthesis by a cell is determined by the type of lipoxygenase enzyme.

· D. Mobilization of arachidonic acid through the action of phospholipase A2 is the rate-limiting step in eicosanoid biosynthesis.

· E. Leukotrienes are synthesized by the action of free radicals on arachidonic acid.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of apoptosis?

· A. A cell characteristically swells during apoptosis.

· B. Apoptosis characteristically triggers an inflammatory response.

· C. Activation of caspases is a characteristic sign of apoptosis.

· D. The cell membrane characteristically ruptures during apoptosis.

· E. No characteristic DNA fragmentation is seen with apoptosis.

Which of the following conditions is associated with compression neuropathy?

· A. Duchenne muscular dystrophy

· B. Carpal tunnel syndrome

· C. Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome

· D. Varicella-zoster infection

Mucoviscidosis is one of the common symptoms seen in which of the following disease conditions?

· A. Phenylketonuria

· B. Marfan Syndrome

· C. Fragile-X-Syndrome

· D. Cystic fibrosis

Which of the following cell types is NOT a polymorphonuclear granulocyte?

· A. Eosinophil

· B. Lymphocyte

· C. Basophil

· D. Neutrophil

· E. All of the above are polymorphonuclear granulocytes

The negative feedback mechanism is used to maintain internal environment stable (homeostasis). Which one of the following statements is a correct example of negative feedback mechanism?   

· A. High level of thyroid hormone causes a condition named as hyperthyroidism. In the condition of hyperthyroidism, the stimulus that increases thyroid hormone secretion will be enhanced by thyroid hormone. 

· B. High level of thyroid hormone causes a condition named as hyperthyroidism. In the condition of hyperthyroidism, the stimulus that increases thyroid hormone secretion will be inhibited by thyroid hormone. 

· C. High level of thyroid hormone causes a condition named as hyperthyroidism. In the condition of hyperthyroidism, the stimulus that increases thyroid hormone secretion will not be affected by thyroid hormone. 

· D. High level of thyroid hormone causes a condition named as hyperthyroidism. In the condition of hyperthyroidism, the secretion of thyroid hormone will be enhanced by thyroid hormone itself. 

There are two types of epithelial membranes in the our body. One is serous membrane and the other mucous membrane. Which of the following is a serous membrane? [Select All that Apply] 

· A. Pleural membrane

· B. Pericardial membrane

· C. Peritoneal membrane 

· D. Synovial membrane

· E. Membrane that covers the nasal cavity

When a person is growing, he/she needs to make new bone tissue. Which type of the following cells functions to make new bone tissue?

· A. Fibroblast

· B. Osteoblast

· C. Osteoclast

· D. Chondrocyte

It is known that when blood calcium concentration is lower than normal, parathyroid hormone (PTH) can increase calcium release from bone tissue by enhancing the activity of which of the following cells? 

· A. Osteocytes

· B. Osteoclasts

· C. Osteoblasts

· D. Fibroblasts

When a skeletal muscle contracts, which of the following structures is shortening?

· A. Myosin

· B. Muscle spindle

· C. Sarcomere

· D. Sarcolemma

At which of the following locations can you find cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

· A. Subarachnoid space

· B. Gray matter

· C. White matter

· D. Blood brain barrier

Which of following is NOT a part of brain stem?

· A. Pons

· B. Medulla

· C. Midbrain

· D. Thalamus

The survival centers such as cardiovascular and respiratory centers are located in

· A. Cerebral cortex

· B. Basal ganglia

· C. Medulla

· D. Hypothalamus

Neuronal communications are mediated by a structure named as

· A. Synapse

· B. Neromuscular junction

· C. Neurotransmitter

· D. Axon

Which of the following is a part of autonomic nervous system? [Select All that Apply]

· A. Somatic motor nerve

· B. Somatic sensory nerve

· C. Parasympathetic nerve

· D. Sympathetic nerve

Smooth muscle

· A. contraction is regulated by binding of Ca2+ to troponin.

· B. contains striations.

· C. uses calmodulin to respond to Ca2+.

· D. is under voluntary (conscious) control.

Which ion makes the MAJOR contribution to the resting membrane potential?

· A. Ca2+

· B. K+

· C. Na+

· D. Cl-