Chapter 1 proposal
annahiraeta
APPROVEDProspectusPowerpoint42621.pptxTHE INFLUENCE OF CROSS-CULTURAL EXPERIENCE ON STUDENT LEADERSHIP CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
Grand Canyon University
Apr. 23, 2021
v.1.25.21
Literature Review: Background to the Problem
The modern learning environment is increasingly becoming culturally diverse (Boberg & Borgeois 2016).
Boberg and Borgeois (2016) acknowledge the lack of focus by researchers on cross-cultural competencies among students, and how curricular and co-curricular activities can be customized to promote student leadership in culturally diverse schools.
Results from previous studies conducted by Triggs (2021) show that promoting cross-cultural competence improves academic performance and leadership skills
Similarly, Owens and Hite (2020) found that students’ awareness of cross-cultural differences improves their communication and leadership competence
Diversity issues among students in culturally diverse K-12 learning institutions have been studied by many researchers. However, most of the studies conducted on leadership in culturally diverse K-12 schools have mostly focused on leadership regarding instructors, school heads and administrators, and educational stakeholders rather than leadership issues among student leaders in culturally diverse K-12 schools (Genao, 2016).
There is a scarcity of studies that explore the effects of cross-cultural factors on students’ academic and leadership development (Bartel-Radic & Giannelloni, 2017).
Diversity issues among students in culturally diverse K-12 learning institutions have been studied by many researchers. However, most of the studies conducted on leadership in culturally diverse K-12 schools have mostly focused on leadership regarding instructors, school heads and administrators, and educational stakeholders rather than leadership issues among student leaders in culturally diverse K-12 schools (Genao, 2016). Boberg and Borgeois (2016) acknowledge the lack of focus by researchers on cross-cultural competencies among students, and how curricular and co-curricular activities can be customized to promote student leadership in culturally diverse schools.
Literature Review: Problem Space
Many studies do not focus on cross-cultural competencies among learners (Litts et al., 2020).
For instance, Boberg and Borgeois (2016) acknowledge the lack of focus by researchers on cross-cultural competencies among students, and how curricular and co-curricular activities can be customized to promote student leadership in culturally diverse schools.
As a result, there is a scarcity of research that explore students’ cross-cultural experience and their leadership and academic performance (Boberg & Borgeois, 2016)
Engagement gaps such as inequality and alienation among minority and foreign students have only been explored within administrative leadership (Mawhinney, 2018).
Research on promoting student leadership and academic attainment in culturally diverse K-12 schools ought to be considered. The gap of the need to apply curricular and co-curricular activities to promote student leadership in K-12 schools has not received attention since student leadership in culturally diverse schools has been ignored in favor of other areas of concern perceived to be more important such as educational attainment. There is a need to further explore this problem by investigating the impact of cross-cultural experience on students’ leadership development
Boberg and Borgeois (2016) acknowledge the lack of focus by researchers on cross-cultural competencies among students, and how curricular and co-curricular activities can be customized to promote student leadership in culturally diverse schools. Engagement gaps such as inequality and alienation among minority domestic and foreign students have been studied within the context of administrative leadership rather than student leadership (Genao, 2016). As such, research on promoting student leadership and academic attainment in culturally diverse K-12 schools ought to be considered. The gap of the need to apply curricular and co-curricular activities to promote student leadership in K-12 schools has not received attention since student leadership in culturally diverse schools has been ignored in favor of other areas of concern perceived to be more important such as educational attainment.
Literature Review: Theoretical Foundations
T
Theory
The Boundary-Breaking Leadership Development Model (BBLDM) is a framework that promotes education across international settings due to its potential to overcome the challenges associated with gender, culture, nationality, or ethnicity in diverse educational settings.
The model focuses on several aspects within the educational context including leadership development, generative learning, creation of discussion forums that promote diversity, sense, and responsibility for the community, and cultivation of respect, and ethical and collaborative spirit (Tomlinson, 2013).
The BBLDM can be applied to foster unity through collaboration among students with diverse characteristics (Tomlinson, 2013).
Model
The Boundary-Breaking Leadership Development Model (BBLDM) is a framework that promotes education across international settings due to its potential to overcome the challenges associated with gender, culture, nationality, or ethnicity in diverse educational settings. The model focuses on several aspects within the educational context including leadership development, generative learning, creation of discussion forums that promote diversity, sense, and responsibility for the community, and cultivation of respect, and ethical and collaborative spirit (Tomlinson, 2013). The BBLDM can be applied to foster unity through collaboration among students with diverse characteristics.
Literature Review: Review of Literature
Theme 1: Progressive competency. Sudker (2019) investigates how cultural competencies impact student’s academic outcomes in urban elementary schools (Sudler, 2019).
Theme 2: Cultural competencies. According to the cultural proficiency model, cultural competence is progressive and includes six phases that are associated with the ethnic relative and ethnocentric stages of Bennett's model (Chen, 2014).
Theme 3: Ethical attitude. Ticha, Abery, and Kincade (2018) examine how a set of ethical attitudes, appropriate behaviors, and effective policies integrate to promote effective professionals to work effectively in culturally diverse educational settings.
Theme 4: Teachers’ Awareness of Cultural Diversity. Jamellah (2016) assesses the effectiveness of Teachers' Awareness of Cultural Diversity and Academic Achievement in Ninth Grade Academies and Senior High Schools. The Relationship between Teacher Cultural Competency and Student Engagement (Robinson, 2012)
Numerous researchers investigate how progressive competency, cultural skills, and ethical behaviors promote students’ academic outcomes. For instance, Sudker (2019) investigates how cultural competencies impact student’s academic outcomes in urban elementary schools (Sudler, 2019). Additionally, Ticha, Abery, and Kincade (2018) examine how a set of ethical attitudes, appropriate behaviors, and effective policies integrate to promote effective professionals to work effectively in culturally diverse educational settings. Furthermore, Jamellah (2016) assesses the effectiveness of Teachers' Awareness of Cultural Diversity and Academic Achievement in Ninth Grade Academies and Senior High Schools. The Relationship between Teacher Cultural Competency and Student Engagement (Robinson, 2012). According to the cultural proficiency model, cultural competence is progressive and includes six phases that are associated with the ethnic relative and ethnocentric stages of Bennett's model (Chen, 2014).
Problem Statement
Problem Statement
It is not known how cross-cultural experience influences students’ leadership capacity development and academic achievement.
It is not known if and how cross-cultural experience influences students’ leadership capacity development and academic performance. The relationship between cross-cultural curricular and co-curricular activities and experiences, and student leadership and academic performance is not clearly understood. Nevertheless, curricular and co-curricular activities influence student academic outcomes and leadership behaviors in diverse K-12 learning institutions. The population of concern is K1-12 students in Los Angeles County school district; the sample consists of 15 students and five teachers from 5 District schools with students from diverse cultural backgrounds from grade 9-12 in Santa Clarita, California. Girls and boys in different grade levels will be included in the study. The preferred schools are those that offer cross-cultural enrichment programs such as summer/winter exchange programs, and immersion programs.
Student leadership development and academic achievements in culturally diverse schools are very important indicators of effective culture in K-12 schools. Student leaders in culturally diverse schools are faced with the challenges associated with diversity such as contempt and intimidation, which can impact mental, emotional, and social health apart from low academic attainment (Allen, 2017). As such, culturally inclusive curricular and co-curricular activities can be used to improve social cohesion, which will in turn increase their academic performance and positive leadership behaviors (Allen, 2017). In this regard, it will be necessary to investigate how culturally inclusive and appropriate curricular and co-curricular activities influence student leadership behaviors and academic outcomes.
Research Questions and Phenomenon
RQ1: How does cross-cultural experience affect student leadership capacity development?
RQ2: How does cross-cultural experience influence student academic achievement?
Phenomenon: Cross-cultural awareness is associated with positive student leadership qualities and behaviors.
RQ1: Does cross-cultural experience affect student leadership development?
RQ2: How does cross-cultural experience influence student academic development?
RQ3: How do cross-cultural attitudes and behaviors influence student leadership development and academic achievement?
Phenomenon: Cross-cultural awareness is associated with positive student leadership qualities and behaviors.
Methodology Justification
| Qualitative | Quantitative |
| Descriptive qualitative method is selected because it examines how specific sociocultural phenomena operates (Poucher et al., 2020) Qualitative design can be defined as a method that focuses on gathering non-numerical data, which include feelings and perceptions of target participants Purpose Statement: The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study is to understand how cross-cultural experiences influence student leadership capacity development and academic achievement, located at a high school in Central Florida. | Quantitative method refers to an iterative data gathering method in which evidence is assessed, hypothesis formulated, and an inference drawn from the outcomes (Leavy, 2017) |
| Justification for qualitative: Qualitative research is subjective and is focused on the interpretation and understanding of social phenomena within natural settings (Saunders et al., 2018). As such, the methodology is suitable for the study since it aids in understanding and interpretation of the current state of student leadership competencies and academic outcomes in culturally diverse K-12 schools. It can also help to determine the right strategies that can be applied to prevent and manage the diversity-related challenges that obstruct leadership and academic attainment in. Furthermore, qualitative methodology accommodates the complexity and multiple realities regarding new ideas and themes that emerge from the collected data (Saunders et al., 2018). In this regard, the methodology would allow the study to expand or accommodate and generate new ideas that would improve understanding of diversity issues in schools. The sensitive nature of cultural diversity calls for caution regarding the methods used to collect data, and the behaviors of the researcher (Poucher et al., 2020). For this reason, the qualitative methodology is appropriate since the emphasis is put on ethical behaviors to cultivate a socially conducive environment where respondents can comfortably give their genuine opinions, which is crucial for the accuracy and reliability of the collected data. The qualitative methodology also allows for data analysis in non-linear, iterative, and holistic ways, which would improve the quality of the study (Cresswell & Cresswell, 2017). | Justification against quantitative: One reason for not using this method is that it fails to consider the meaning behind social phenomena. Additionally, it only seeks to find numerical answers to a specific question, and as such, not idea for non-numerical studies Cresswell & Cresswell, 2017) |
Qualitative research is subjective and is focused on the interpretation and understanding of social phenomena within natural settings (Saunders et al., 2018). As such, the methodology is suitable for the study since it aids in understanding and interpretation of the current state of student leadership competencies and academic outcomes in culturally diverse K-12 schools. It can also help to determine the right strategies that can be applied to prevent and manage the diversity-related challenges that obstruct leadership and academic attainment in. Furthermore, qualitative methodology accommodates the complexity and multiple realities regarding new ideas and themes that emerge from the collected data (Saunders et al., 2018). In this regard, the methodology would allow the study to expand or accommodate and generate new ideas that would improve understanding of diversity issues in schools. The sensitive nature of cultural diversity calls for caution regarding the methods used to collect data, and the behaviors of the researcher (Poucher et al., 2020). For this reason, the qualitative methodology is appropriate since the emphasis is put on ethical behaviors to cultivate a socially conducive environment where respondents can comfortably give their genuine opinions, which is crucial for the accuracy and reliability of the collected data. The qualitative methodology also allows for data analysis in non-linear, iterative, and holistic ways, which would improve the quality of the study (Cresswell & Cresswell, 2017).
Feasibility - Slide 1
Resources for study:
NGOs
Government institutions
Authorization: Permission or authorization for the study will be sought from the respective heads of the institutions
Access to resources: the research team will seek permission from the heads of each institution to access their records, databases, computers, and computers
Additional training: instrument certifications, data gathering, and reconnaissance
Ethical Concerns:
The potential risks that may emerge in the study include privacy breaches and negative mental or emotional outcomes on participants
These risks will be mitigated by ensuring that their records are kept anonymous
The study will benefit the participants by providing more insights into how they can improve their cross-cultural competence to enhance leadership and academic accomplishment
Feasibility – Slide 2
Study Alignment with Program (Identify Program of Study):
The study is aligned with the program goal of Doctor of Education in Organizational Leadership Emphasize in K12
The study is aligned with the goal of providing differentiated learning because it provides educators with insights into how they can recognize cultural differences in their classroom settings and tailor their instructions to meet each student’s distinct learning needs.
Feasibility Concerns:
One potential obstacle is failure to commence the study at the required timeframe
Proper budgeting and developing a detailed research plan and timeline can address the problem
The study is feasible because it attempts to investigate an area that is largely unexplored. Additionally, its research instruments are simple to use
and information
Next steps
The next step in my study will include:
Step 1: Meeting all the ethical requirements
Step 2: Designing research instruments
Step 3: Identifying my research and data gathering team
Step 4: Gathering data
Step 5: Analyzing data
Design
| Design | Definition | Justification (use /not use) |
| Qualitative Descriptive | Refers to a type of design that comprehensively summarizes specific events experienced by individuals or groups. A qualitative design that focuses on discovering the nature of specific events under investigations | Provides an effective theoretical approach to qualitative research |
| Descriptive | Design that places emphasizes are put on experiences, including how people’s experiences become integrated with consciousness, and the implications of the situation (Poucher et al., 2020). A study design that focuses on understanding the core structures, essence, and effects of the experiences. | It be applied to understand the lived experiences and academic performance of student leaders in culturally diverse schools according to the current state of cross-cultural cohesion and cooperation in the schools. |
| Narrative | A research design that uses written or spoken words to gather data. An approach that assesses the lives of individuals as told by their own stories. | The process of analyzing long textual or verbal data may be challenging |
| Case Study | A study design that is used to generate an in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex phenomenon. It is a research design that focuses on a particular context, which is specific. | Case study is not appropriate as the research will sample data from different groups |
| Grounded Theory | This is a research design that focuses on setting out to discover or construct theory from data. A research method whose sole outcome is to develop a theory. | The study does not plan to develop a theory from data |
Purpose Statement
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study is to understand how cross-cultural experiences influence student leadership capacity development and academic achievement, located at a high school in Central Florida.
The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study is to investigate the influence of culturally inclusive curriculum and co-curriculum activities and experiences on student leadership development and academic outcomes of the students in the selected 5 schools. This study will address the issue of student leadership and academic outcomes in culturally diverse schools by analyzing the correlation between culturally-inclusive curriculum and co-curriculum initiatives and student leadership and academic achievement thereby contributing to advancements in research on student leadership in diverse institutions. The study can be applied in schools and communities consisting of individuals from culturally diverse backgrounds to promote social cohesion in the community, effective student leadership behaviors, and improve student social and learning outcomes in learning institutions (Oplatka & Arar, 2016).
Population, Target Population, and Sample
| Population | Target | Sample |
| Teachers in public or private schools in the US. Teachers, across all gender, ethnicity and age groups in the US. The number of participants who will be interviewed is 10 The number of participants who will form part of the focus group is 6 | Teachers in public schools that offer cross-culture curriculum or enrichment programs in Central Florida. Teachers in academies, across all gender, ethnicity and age groups in public or private schools that offer cross-culture curriculum or enrichment programs in Greater Orlando, Florida. | Interviews-10 -12 Focus Groups - 6 -8 The number of participants who will be interviewed is 10 The number of participants who will form part of the focus group is 6 |
Instrumentation and Data Sources
| Data Sources #1 | Data Source #2 | |
| Interview Semi-structured interviews and observation will be used to gather nominal data for qualitative analysis. Semi-structured interviews are preferred since their framework makes it possible to address the main themes, and it is not restricted to answering specific questions (Poucher et al., 2020). The main objective of the interview will be to gather qualitative information. This will be done by encouraging interviewees to exchange ideas and on their feelings and lived experiences It also enables flexibility to a significant limit, which enables researchers to interactively respond to respondents’ answers thereby making it possible to develop themes and identify issues and patterns as they occur. The experiential type of interview will be used since it enables researchers to capture perceptions, feelings, and experiences of the respondents over the length of time that they have been in the culturally-diverse schools. | Focus Groups Focus groups will be implemented to compliment interviews. It is a qualitative method used to gain in-depth insights into the topic of investigation (Guest et al., 2017). The focus groups will be employed to obtain data from a purposely elected group of individuals rather than from a statistically representative sample The method will also be used to understand the sociocultural aspects of their lives. This method will be used by determining and defining the key research objectives . Thereafter, a list of questions that will be discussed in the focus groups will be developed. |
Semi-structured interviews and observation will be used to gather nominal data for qualitative analysis. Semi-structured interviews are preferred since their framework makes it possible to address the main themes, and is not restricted to answering specific questions (Poucher et al., 2020). It also enables flexibility to a significant limit, which enables researchers to interactively respond to respondents’ answers thereby making it possible to develop themes and identify issues and patterns as they occur. The experiential type of interview will be used since it enables researchers to capture perceptions, feelings, and experiences of the respondents over the length of time that they have been in the culturally-diverse schools.
Data Collection Steps: Slide 1 Required permissions
Seeking permission from school administrators
Seeking license to use research Instruments
Participants will be given informed consent forms
Obtaining administrative guide and validation information on each data sources from owner/literature
Results of the field tests for qualitative studies
IRB Approval will be sought
Consent form from individual participants
Required permissions/approvals (prior to data collection)
Data will be collected from the 5 schools in Los Angeles County from teachers, administrators, and students. 15 students and 5 teachers from 5 different schools. Researchers will contact students and parents through school administrators and teachers and explain the need for and significance of the study. After obtaining permission from the schools, the researchers will seek IRB approval by explaining the nature of the study and how it aligned with ethical research practices, and why it is important. The administrators, teachers, and students will be informed about the study three months in advance so that they can adequately prepare, or decide on whether or not to participate.
Data Collection Steps: Slide 2 Sampling Strategy and Sample Selection
| Strategy #1 | Strategy #2 | Strategy #3 | |
| Sampling Strategy Description | Purposive Sampling Purposive sampling refers to the deliberate choice of participants due to the qualities that they possess (Etikan et al., 2016). This can be on the basis of their relevance to the study Students, for example, can be deliberately selected | Purposeful It is a sampling procedure used for the identification and selection of information-rich participants (Etikan et al., 2016). | Snowball Sampling Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling approach that is used to identify participants with traits that are rare to find (Ghaljaie et al., 2017). The existing samples are used to provide referrals to recruit samples needed for a study |
| Sampling Steps | Giving each member equal Opportunity for representation | categorizing groups into strata | It involves using a primary data source to nominate other prospective participants |
| Sampling Selection Criteria | Fishbowl sampling | clustering | Identifying potential primary subjects and using them to search for other participants |
Objectives:
There are four separate slides that will comprise the data collection section in the Prospectus and the proposal.
These set of four slides are used in bullet format in the Prospectus. They then provide the outline for the Data Collection section in Chapter 3 in the Proposal.
This Slide: This second slide only discusses the sampling strategy and then the steps for the sampling process.
**Note: Do not alter the names on the slides, and do not change the order of the four data collection slides or the bullets within them. It is important to show the bullets in the order in which they would occur. **
Slide Requirements:
Sampling Strategy Description: Citing an authoritative source define and describe each sampling strategy.
Sampling Steps: State the steps taken for the sampling process for each strategy.
Sampling Criteria: Identify the criteria for selecting your sample.
Hints:
Some sampling strategies could be convenience, purposive, random, and snowball.
Even if only one sampling strategy will be used, identify “Plan B” and “Plan C” if the first plan falls through or does not provide the minimum sample size or enough data for qualitative analysis.
Data Collection Steps: Slide 3 Collecting the Data
Step 1: The authorities in the school will be contacted
Step 2:Permission will be sought for data gathering
Step 3: Seek IRB approval by explaining the nature of the study and how it aligned with ethical research practices, and why it is important
Step 4: A date and time will be agreed for data collection. The administrators, teachers, and students will be informed about the study three months in advance
Step 5: Informed consent forms will be filled
Step 6: Interview questions and focus groups sessions will be administered on weekdays or weekend to avoid learning disruptions based on participants choice. Synchronous virtual sessions will be offered due to the pandemic.
The process of gathering data will begin by contacting the authorities in the schools. Permission will also b gathered from students and parents through school administrators and teachers and explain the need for and significance of the study. After obtaining permission from the schools, the researchers will seek IRB approval by explaining the nature of the study and how it aligned with ethical research practices, and why it is important. The administrators, teachers, and students will be informed about the study three months in advance so that they can adequately prepare, or decide on whether or not to participate. Since the study is not intended to disrupt learning activities, participants will be expected to respond to the interview questionnaires on weekends. Observations will be made during indoor and outdoor classroom activities using cameras in classrooms, and direct observations in outdoor environments. For teachers, parents, and administrators, paper and pen face-to-face interviews will be appropriate. Secondary data will be collected from education offices and school administration and teacher inventories. Data from different participants will be compiled within one month after completion of the data-collection process.
Data Collection Steps: Slide 4 Data Management and Storage
Data Management and Storage
Data will be stored in protected information systems
Cloud backup will be provided to ensure that it is not lost or deleted
The data will be stored for more than one month. 3-5 years typical.
The data will be protected using information security methods, such as encryption, password authentication, and access controls
Data management and storage is one of the most important steps in facilitating an effective analysis. In this study, the data will be stored in protected information systems. Cloud backup will be provided to ensure that it is not lost or deleted, destroyed, or its integrity tampered with. Moreover, the data will be stored for more than a month. This will ensure that it can be accessed at any stage of the analysis process of verification purposes. Further, it will be protected using information security methods, such as encryption, password authentication, and physical access controls.
Data Analysis Steps: Slide 1
Utilizing Thematic Analysis as per (Braun and Clarke, 2006) 6 Steps advancing from coding to themes:
Familiarizing with data. The researcher read through numerous times all documents and listen to all audio recording of principals and teachers’ interviews to search for patterns and meaning. Data was reviewed to develop a comprehensive inductive analysis of all data.
Initial Coding. All written transcripts were coded by hand by the researcher to seek out commonalities and differences of responses from principals and teachers as it related to the leadership styles and it influence on teacher morale and school climate. The researcher used a color-coded process to help produce initial codes to identify codes systemically so that the data can be organized collectively.
Searching for Themes. Once coding was completed, the researcher sorted the codes into specific based on the three research questions. The researcher search for words, phrases, thoughts, and responses that were important to the participants and how these specific areas related to teacher morale and school climate.
Reviewing of Themes. Specific themes were developed through the repetitive responses, words, thoughts, phrases, and feedback from interview responses of principals and teachers. This process helped the researcher to breakdown and refine themes into specific and meaningful components.
Defining and Labeling Themes. The repetitiveness of responses created themes that the researcher labeled to build linkage with each research question. The researcher captured the essence of each theme by connecting a narrative with the data collected.
Writing the Results. Once all themes were defined and labeled, the researcher matched them with the specific research questions that best addressed the question.
After the data has been collected, it will be coded or arranged systematically by itemizing related nominal data in the same categories. Different themes will be identified, and thematic analysis will be done to interpret the observations. For instance, if one of the coded categories is leadership performance across all students, the subcategory in the list would be leadership performance among Caucasian, African-American, or Asian students. The implication is that it would be necessary to analyze and compare trends in different categories and subcategories. Validity will be determined by the deviation of the findings with the hypotheses, and whether or not the findings are consistent with standard limits for accuracy of the instruments used.
Dr. Mansur () -
Dr. Mansur () - Take out everything about Moustakas (this connotes a phenomenological study) instead rep.ace with Thematic Analysis (6 steps Braun and Clarke (2006)
List of References
Slide Requirements:
Include a fully APA-formatted reference for each citation used in the slides.
