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Appendices 40

Appendix 1: Master’s Theses

Master’s theses are generally expected to contain the following elements but vary somewhat due to disciplinary standards. Please follow the specific guidelines provided in your Capstone course:

Abstract: Includes the following components: purpose of the research, methodology, findings, and conclusion. The body of the abstract is limited to 150-200 words.11

11 The APUS Center for Graduate Studies and the APUS Library have created an instructional module on Writing the Abstract for Your Graduate Capstone Thesis at AMU/APU. It will take you through the entire process. You can access it here: http://apus.libguides.com/research_methods_guide/writingcapstoneabstract

Introduction: Identifies student’s specific research question and sets the general context for the study.

This section should include

• a statement of the problem or general research question and context leading to a clear statement of the specific research question;

• background and contextual material justifying why this case or topic should be studied; and

• a purpose statement.

Literature Review: Reviews the literature on a specific research question. The literature review focuses on discussing how other researchers have addressed the same or similar research questions. It introduces the study and places it in larger context that includes a discussion of why it is important to study this case. It provides the current state of accumulated knowledge as it relates to the student’s specific research question.

• Summarize the general state of the literature (cumulative knowledge base) on the specific research question by synthesizing themes, methods, results, and/or theoretical frameworks used in current literature.

• Include a short conclusion and transition to the next section.

Theoretical Framework/Approach : The theoretical framework section develops the theories or models to be used in the study and shows how the student has developed testable research hypotheses or viable arguments.

This section should include the following:

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• an introduction discussing gaps in the literature, how this study will help fill some of those gaps, and justification for the theory or model to be used in study;

• a summary of the theory or model to be used in the study, including a diagram of the model if appropriate; and

• a statement of hypotheses to be tested or argument.

Research Design/Methodology: Describes how the student will test the hypothesis and carry out their analysis. This section describes the data to be used to test the hypothesis, how the student will operationalize and collect data on their variables, and the analytic methods that to be used, noting potential biases and limitations to the research approach. It should include

• identification and operationalization (measurement) of variables;

• a sampling plan (i.e., study population and sampling procedures, if appropriate);

• justification of case studies used;

• data collection/sources (secondary literature, archives, interviews, surveys, etc.);

• a summary of analysis procedures (pattern-matching, etc.); and

• the limitations of study and bias discussion.

Findings/Results/Discussion: This section describes the results of the study. Keep in mind that the “results” are the direct observations of the research (data), while the “discussion” is the interpretation and analysis of the results and research. The Results and Discussion may be presented as separate sections. The Results and Discussion should include, as appropriate:

• results, including tables, graphs, statistics;

• significance and interpretation of the results;

• discussion of results as they relate to thesis statement/research question;

• discussion of results as it relates to the theoretical framework/approach; and

• directions for future research.

Reference List : References the works the student has cited (direct quotes or paraphrases) in the text. This list must be formatted according to the school’s prescribed style guide.

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Appendix 2: Master’s Creative/Applied Projects

Master’s creative/applied projects are generally expected to contain the following elements, but vary somewhat due to disciplinary standards. Please see the specific guidelines in your Capstone course:

Abstract: Includes the following components: purpose of the research, methodology, findings, and conclusion. The body of the abstract is limited to 150-200 words.12

12 The APUS Center for Graduate Studies and the APUS Library have created an instructional module on Writing the Abstract for Your Graduate Capstone Thesis at AMU/APU. It will take you through the entire process. You can access it here: http://apus.libguides.com/research_methods_guide/writingcapstoneabstract

Introduction: This section identifies the student’s specific creative/applied project and sets the general context for it.

• Provide a clear and lucid description of the creative/applied project including the goal and intent of the project.

• Discuss the schedule and objectives for the work to be completed.

Literature Review : The literature review focuses on how the creative/applied project experience fits into the discipline. Specifically, it introduces the project and places it in a larger context that includes a discussion of how this experience helps the student meet the program objectives. It provides the current state of accumulated knowledge as it relates to the project.

• Describe how completing this project is consistent with the course of study.

• Articulate the objectives the student hopes to achieve through the completion of this project.

• Provide a short conclusion and transition to the next section.

Project Design: This section describes the design of the applied/creative project and situates the project within an issue, question, or problem within the discipline.

• Discuss how the project questions, contradicts, or reinforces existing theoretical knowledge relative to the student’s professional practice and/or discipline.

• Introduces a critical lens or theoretical framework that informs the project, including appropriate citations and context for this framework.

• Describes the expected contribution of the project to knowledge or professional practice within the discipline.

• Discuss the limitations of the project’s scope and generalizability.

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The Project: This section is where the student includes their project, which must comport with discipline standards for rigor, original contributions to the practice or knowledge of the field, creative expression within a specific theoretical lens, or application of theory to a specific context. The project often includes the following elements:

• Identification of an appropriate problem, issue, or question within the practice or application of the discipline.

• Analysis of current tools available to solve the problem or improve professional practice, comparing and contrasting to identify benefits and issues.

• Rigorous justification of the tool or process selected to address the problem, with support from the academic and professional literature.

• Contextualization and application of the chosen tool or process within professional practice.

• Analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of the chosen tool or technique, and discussion of other possible ways the problem could have been solved.

• Rigorous discussion of how this method of solving the problem will benefit others.

Reference List: This section should reference the works cited (direct quotes or paraphrases) in the text. This list must be formatted according to the school’s prescribed style guide.

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Appendix 3: Master’s Practicum and Critical Reflection Papers

The master’s practicum and critical reflection paper generally contain the following elements but may vary according to disciplinary standards. Please see your Capstone course for specific guidelines:

Abstract: Includes the following components: purpose of the research, methodology, findings, and conclusion. The body of the abstract is limited to 150-200 words.13

13 The APUS Center for Graduate Studies and the APUS Library have created an instructional module on Writing the Abstract for Your Graduate Capstone Thesis at AMU/APU. It will take you through the entire process. You can access it here: http://apus.libguides.com/research_methods_guide/writingcapstoneabstract

Introduction: Identifies the student’s specific practicum experience and sets the general context for the study.

• Provide a clear and lucid description of the practicum, including the location or organization in which the practicum will be completed.

• Describe the 160 hours of work required to complete the practicum.

• Include the schedule and objectives for the work to be completed.

• List the name and title of the supervising staff member at the organization.

Literature Review: This section reviews the literature on the specific practicum. The literature review focuses on how the practicum experience fits into the discipline. Specifically, it introduces the practicum and places it in a larger context that includes a discussion of how this experience helps the student meet the program objectives. It provides the current state of accumulated knowledge as it relates to the student’s specific practicum experience.

• Describe how completing this practicum is consistent with the student’s course of study.

• Articulate the objectives the student hopes to achieve through the completion of this practicum.

• Provide a short conclusion and transition to the next section.

Findings—Log/Journal: This section is where the student includes their log/journal and where they describe how the overall practicum experience is situated within the discipline.

• Include the log/journal kept for the duration of the practicum.

• Discuss how the student’s experiences mirror, contradict, or reinforce existing theoretical knowledge relative to their experience and discipline.

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• Provide a summary of ways in which the experience helped the student meet the program objectives.

• Discuss the limitations of the student’s experience and bias.

Reference List: Reference the works cited (direct quotes or paraphrases) in the text. This list must be formatted according to the school’s prescribed style guide.

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Top margin: 2 inches

Spacing must be consistent and double-spaced.

Do not capitalize “by” or “of”

Left margin: 1.5 inches

Right margin: 1 inch

NOTE:

Use the formatting instructions in the EOP Manual appendices for the title page, abstract, and other front matter. Use the disciplinary style guide for your program for the body of the document.

See Footnote 3 on page 11 for information on how to handle the APA Running Head requirement.

Month of submission

Bottom margin: 1.25 inches

Appendix 4: Title Page (Required format for all capstone projects.)

DRONES AS WEAPON OF WAR IN AF/PAK REGION

A Master Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty

of

American Public University

by

Richard James Smith

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree

of

Master of Arts

December 2011

American Public University

Charles Town, WV

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NOTES: Text should begin just after halfway down the page. • This sample includes the exact language that must be used.

Appendix 5: Sample of Copyright Page (Required format for all capstone projects.)

The author hereby grants the American Public University System the right to display these contents for educational purposes.

The author assumes total responsibility for meeting the requirements set by United States copyright law for the inclusion of any materials that are not the author’s creation or in the public domain.

© Copyright 2018 by ________________________(insert your name)

All rights reserved.

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NOTES: Text should begin just after halfway down the page. • Text should be double-spaced.

Appendix 6: Sample of Dedication Page (Optional)

DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to my parents. Without their patience, understanding, support, and, most of all, love, the completion of this work would not have been possible.

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NOTES: Text should begin just after halfway down the page. • Text should be double-spaced.

Appendix 7: Sample of Acknowledgments Page (Optional)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to thank the members of my committee for their support, patience, and good humor. Their gentle but firm direction has been most appreciated. Dr. Betty Morrow was particularly helpful in guiding me toward a qualitative methodology. Dr. Judith Slater’s interest in a sense of competence was the impetus for my proposal. Finally, I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Stephen Fain. From the beginning, he had confidence in my abilities to not only complete a degree, but to complete it with excellence.

I have found my course work throughout the national security program to be stimulating and thoughtful, providing me with the tools with which to explore both past and present ideas and issues.

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Top margin: 2 inches

Left margin: 1.5 inches

Right margin: 1 inch

Bottom margin: 1.25 inches

This is the required format. NOTE: It is permissible for the text of the abstract itself to continue on to another page.

NOTE: The abstract is a required component of the thesis/capstone paper. If you are not sure of what an abstract is or of how to write one, the APUS Center for Graduate Studies and the APUS Library have created an instructional module on Writing the Abstract for Your Graduate Capstone Thesis at AMU/APU, viewable at http://apus.libguides.com/research_methods_guide/writingcapstoneabstract.

Appendix 8: Sample of Abstract of the Thesis (Required format for all capstone projects.)

ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS

DRONES IN NATO LED EFFORTS IN AF/PAK

by

Richard James Smith

American Public University System, July 1, 2007

Charles Town, West Virginia

Professor John Doe, Thesis Professor

Begin typing the abstract here, double-spaced. The abstract must include the following components: purpose of the research, methodology, findings, and conclusion. The body of the abstract is limited to 150-200 words (no less than 150 and no more than 200). The abstract may continue on to the next page.

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Refer to the notes on the following page for formatting information.

Appendix 9: Sample of a Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... ......... 1

II. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 5

Competing Perceptions of National Security .................................................... 5

Drones as a Weapon of War ............................................................................. 8

Afghanistan Security....................................................................................... 12

Pakistan Security ............................................................................................ 15

III. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 24

Subjects and Setting ...................................................................................... 24

Data Collection Technique ............................................................................. 25

Statistical Analysis .......................................................................................... 27

Limitations of the Study ................................................................................. 30

IV. RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 34

Legal Framework ............................................................................................ 34

Impact of Drone Strikes on War Effort ........................................................... 38

Impact of Drone Strikes on U.S.-Pakistani Relations ..................................... 40

Impact of Drone Strikes on U.S. Regional Interests ....................................... 48

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NOTES: • Follow your style guide for exact formatting requirements. • Dot leaders (periods between words and pages) are required. • Pages should be left justified. • Double space between entries. • Hyperlinking to sections within the thesis can add ease to navigation.

V. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 49

Ethics and Legality of Using Drones ............................................................... 49

Competing Conceptions of Self-Defense and National Security .................... 50

Controversy about Use of Drones in Warfare ................................................. 52

Summary ........................................................................................................ 54

Recommendations ......................................................................................... 56

LIST OF REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 60

APPENDICES …………………………. ................................................................................. 66

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NOTES: • Follow your style guide for exact formatting requirements. • Dot leaders (periods between words and pages) are required. • Pages should be left justified. • Double space between entries. • Hyperlinking to sections within the thesis can add ease to navigation.

Appendix 10: Sample of List of Tables

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1. Physical Education Teacher Demographic Data ............................................. ....... 15

2. Current University Student Demographic Data....................................................... 17

3. Number of High or Low Value Orientations for Respondents ................................. 25

4. Teacher Value Orientation Profile by Gender.......................................................... 28

5. Teacher Value Orientation Profile by Academic Rank ............................................ 33

6. Teacher Value Orientation Profile by Teaching Experience .................................... 39

7. Student Value Orientation Profile by Gender .......................................................... 41

8. Student Value Orientation Profile by Academic Major ............................................ 45

9. Student Value Orientation Profile in Different Year at University ........................... 51

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NOTES: • Follow your style guide for exact formatting requirements. • Dot leaders (periods between words and pages) are required. • Pages should be left justified. • Double space between entries. • Hyperlinking to sections within the thesis can add ease to navigation.

Appendix 11: Sample of List of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1. Physical Education Teacher Demographic Data ............................................. ....... 15

2. Current University Student Demographic Data....................................................... 17

3. Number of High or Low Value Orientations for Respondents ................................. 25

4. Teacher Value Orientation Profile by Gender.......................................................... 28

5. Teacher Value Orientation Profile by Academic Rank ............................................ 33

6. Teacher Value Orientation Profile by Teaching Experience .................................... 39

7. Student Value Orientation Profile by Gender .......................................................... 41

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Appendix 12: Sample of Permission to Quote or Reproduce Copyrighted Material Letter

Date___________________________

I (we) _______________________________________________________________ owner(s) of the copyright to the work known as ______________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ hereby authorize _______________________________________________________ to use the following material as part of their thesis to be submitted to American Public University System.

Page Line Numbers or Other Identification

_____________________

Signature

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Appendix 13: Sample of Practicum Organizational Consent Form

Date___________________________

Name of organization _________________________________________________

Program _________________________________________________________

Work to be completed_________________________________________________

Dates of practicum/schedule ____________________________________________

I (we) _______________________________________________________________ as (state position title) ______________________________ attest to the fact that (student’s name) will be completing the above described practicum in our organization. We hereby authorize (name of student) to work with us in completion of their master’s degree at American Public University System. It is our understanding that they will write a critical reflection paper on this experience. The student may use/identify our name in the paper/the student is required to keep our name anonymous in completing the reflection paper. (Name of person) will serve as the mentor for this student in our organization throughout their work with us.

________________________________________________________________________

Signature Title Date

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Appendix 14: Critical Reflection Method Suggested for Completion of Practicum Paper

1. Description of the experience. (5 - 7 pages)

2. Critical reflection on this experience and the related discipline practices experienced and observed during the practicum in light of theory and literature relative to the work of the practicum. (8 - 10 pages)

3. Discussion of ways the theory and literature challenges/affirms the experience and ways the experience challenges/affirms the literature and theory. (5 - 7 pages)

4. Recommendations for future practice and/or theory. (5 - 6 pages)

I (we) _______________________________________________________________ owner(s) of the copyright to the work known as ______________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ hereby authorize _______________________________________________________ to use the following material as part of their thesis to be submitted to American Public University System.

Page Line Numbers or Other Identification

_____________________

Signature

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Appendix 15: Sample of IRB Approval Letter

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Application Number:

Application Title:

Dear

The APUS IRB has reviewed and approved the above application.

Date of IRB approval:

Date of IRB approval expiration:

The approval is valid for one calendar year from the date of approval. Should your research using human subjects extend beyond the time covered by this approval, you will need to submit an extension request form to the IRB.

Changes in the research (e.g., recruitment process, advertisements) or informed consent process must be approved by the IRB before they are implemented. Please submit a protocol amendment form to do so.

It is the responsibility of the investigators to report to the IRB any serious, unexpected, and related adverse events and potential unanticipated problems related to risks to subjects and others using the unanticipated problems notification.

Please direct any question to [email protected]. The forms mentioned above are available at http://www.apus.edu/community-scholars/institutional-review- board/apply.htm.

Sincerely,

Jennifer Douglas, PhD IRB Chair

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Appendix 16: Portfolio and Critical Reflection Paper

The master's critical reflection paper for the Portfolio option generally contains the following elements but may vary according to disciplinary standards. Please see the guidelines in your capstone course.

Abstract: Includes the following components: a brief overview of what your paper will cover and a short explanation of how you will use the paper to demonstrate you have met the learning objectives of the program. The body of the abstract is limited to 150-200 words.14

14 The APUS Center for Graduate Studies and the APUS Library have created an instructional module on Writing the Abstract for Your Graduate Capstone Thesis at AMU/APU. It will take you through the entire process. You can access it here: http://apus.libguides.com/writing/thesiscapstone/abstract

Introduction: Provides the reader with an overview of the purpose of the paper and details regarding how the paper will articulate how all of the program objectives have been met.

The Body : This section of the paper should include the following elements:

1. Philosophy of Learning. This section provides a reflective narrative on the student’s learning process.

2. Achievements in Learning. Here the student should discuss elements that demonstrate key learning achievement. This could include, transcripts, course descriptions, résumés, honors, awards, internships, tutoring, or mentoring.

3. Evidence of Learning. Here the student should contextualize artifacts from the portfolio within disciplinary theoretical frameworks. These artifacts may include research papers, critical essays, field experience logs, creative displays/ performances, data/spreadsheet analyses, course electronic listserv entries, reports for projects.

4. Assessment of Learning. In this section, the student should discuss how their learning was assessed. For example, include a discussion of their trajectory of professional growth based on instructor feedback, course test scores, exit/board exams, lab/data reviews, research project results, practicum reports, etc.

5. Relevance of Learning. The focus here is on demonstrating mastery of the programmatic learning objectives. The student can also discuss the practical applications of their learning, and how the learning related to personal and professional domains or to their ethical/moral growth. In addition, the student could discuss how the learning impacted their ability to lead or their ability to transfer what was learned to external environments such as professional affiliations, hobbies, or volunteering.

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6. Learning Goals. Finally, the student can use this section to discuss how they plan to enhance, connect, and apply their learning.

Other elements that may be included in the portfolio include the following:

• job documents (e.g., cover letter, resume) aimed at employers for promotions or new positions; and

• an executive summary that offers a professional profile of the student with key skills and knowledge from the master’s program.

Appendix: This section should contain am example or two of the learning artifacts along with the log/journal that was kept during the student’s course of study.

Reference List: Reference the works cited (direct quotes or paraphrases) in the text. This list must be formatted according to the school’s prescribed style guide.