ANSWER THE ESSAYS AND THE QUESTIONS

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Bio201 Human Anatomy & Physiology I

Lecture 1b (Chapter 1)

May 7th 2013

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomical Position

  • Standard anatomical body position
  • Body erect
  • Feet slightly apart
  • Palms facing forward
  • Thumbs point away from body
  • Always use directional terms as if body is in anatomical position
  • Right and left refer to body being viewed, not those of observer

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cephalic

Orbital

Frontal

Nasal

Mental

Oral

Cervical

Thoracic

Sternal

Axillary

Mammary

Abdominal

Umbilical

Pelvic

Inguinal

(groin)

Pubic

(genital)

Hallux

Digital

Metatarsal

Tarsal (ankle)

Pedal (foot)

Fibular or peroneal

Crural (leg)

Patellar

Femoral (thigh)

Coxal (hip)

Lower limb

Digital

Palmar

Pollex

Manus (hand)

Carpal (wrist)

(forearm)

Antebrachial

Brachial (arm)

Acromial

Upper limb

Antecubital

Anterior/Ventral

Thorax

Abdomen

Back (Dorsum)

Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (1 of 3)

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3)

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 1.1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3)

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Regional Terms

  • Two major divisions of body
  • Axial
  • Head, neck, and trunk
  • Appendicular
  • Limbs
  • Regional terms designate specific areas within body divisions

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cephalic

Orbital

Frontal

Nasal

Mental

Oral

Cervical

Thoracic

Sternal

Axillary

Mammary

Abdominal

Umbilical

Pelvic

Inguinal

(groin)

Pubic

(genital)

Hallux

Digital

Metatarsal

Tarsal (ankle)

Pedal (foot)

Fibular or peroneal

Crural (leg)

Patellar

Femoral (thigh)

Coxal (hip)

Lower limb

Digital

Palmar

Pollex

Manus (hand)

Carpal (wrist)

(forearm)

Antebrachial

Brachial (arm)

Acromial

Upper limb

Antecubital

Anterior/Ventral

Thorax

Abdomen

Back (Dorsum)

Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Plantar

Calcaneal

Pedal (foot)

Fibular or peroneal

Sural (calf)

Femoral (thigh)

Lower limb

Digital

Metacarpal

Manus (hand)

(forearm)

Antebrachial

Olecranal

Brachial (arm)

Acromial

Upper limb

Popliteal

Perineal (between

anus and external

genitalia)

Gluteal

Sacral

Lumbar

Vertebral

Scapular

Cervical

Back (dorsal)

Cephalic

Otic

Occipital (back

of head)

Back (Dorsum)

Posterior/Dorsal

Figure 1.7b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anatomical Variability

  • Humans differ externally and internally
  • 90% of all structures present in body match description in textbook
  • Nerve or blood vessel may be out of place
  • Small muscle may be missing
  • Extreme variations inconsistent with life

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Planes and Sections

  • Body plane
  • Flat surface along which body or structure may be cut for anatomical study
  • Sections
  • Cuts or sections made along a body plane

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Planes

  • Three most common
  • Lie at right angles to each other
  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal (coronal) plane
  • Transverse (horizontal) plane

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sagittal Plane

  • Sagittal plane
  • Divides body vertically into right and left parts
  • Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane
  • Midsagittal (median) plane
  • Lies on midline
  • Parasagittal plane
  • Not on midline

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Planes

  • Frontal (coronal) plane
  • Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
  • Produces a frontal or coronal section
  • Transverse (horizontal) plane
  • Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts
  • Produces a cross section
  • Oblique section
  • Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Frontal plane

Frontal section

(through torso)

Transverse section

(through torso,

inferior view)

Median section

(midsagittal)

Transverse plane

Median (midsagittal) plane

Intestines

Rectum

Vertebral column

Spleen

Pancreas

Body wall

Aorta

Spinal cord

Subcutaneous fat layer

Liver

Arm

Stomach

Heart

Liver

Left and

right lungs

Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Cavities

  • Two sets of internal body cavities
  • Closed to environment
  • Provide different degrees of protection to organs
  • Dorsal body cavity
  • Ventral body cavity

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Dorsal Body Cavity

  • Protects nervous system
  • Two subdivisions:
  • Cranial cavity
  • Encases brain
  • Vertebral cavity
  • Encases spinal cord

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial cavity

(contains brain)

Vertebral cavity

(contains spinal

cord)

Dorsal

body

cavity

Thoracic

cavity

(contains heart and lungs)

Cranial cavity

Vertebral cavity

Superior

mediastinum

Pleural

cavity

Pericardial cavity within

the mediastinum

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Lateral view

Abdomino-pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

(contains digestive viscera)

Anterior view

Ventral body cavity

(thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity

  • Houses internal organs (viscera)
  • Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm)
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdominopelvic cavity

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity

  • Thoracic cavity subdivisions
  • Two pleural cavities
  • Each surrounds a lung
  • Mediastinum
  • Contains pericardial cavity
  • Surrounds thoracic organs
  • Pericardial cavity
  • Encloses heart

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ventral Body Cavity

  • Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions
  • Abdominal cavity
  • Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
  • Pelvic cavity
  • Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cranial cavity

(contains brain)

Vertebral cavity

(contains spinal

cord)

Dorsal

body

cavity

Thoracic

cavity

(contains heart and lungs)

Cranial cavity

Vertebral cavity

Superior

mediastinum

Pleural

cavity

Pericardial cavity within

the mediastinum

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Lateral view

Abdomino-pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

(contains digestive viscera)

Anterior view

Ventral body cavity

(thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Membranes in Ventral Body Cavity

  • Serous membrane or serosa
  • Thin, double-layered membranes
  • Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls
  • Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)
  • Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid
  • Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Serous Membranes

  • Named for specific cavity and organs with which associated
  • Each has parietal and visceral layers
  • Pericardium
  • Heart
  • Pleurae
  • Lungs
  • Peritoneum
  • Abdominopelvic cavity

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Outer balloon wall

(comparable to parietal serosa)

Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall

(comparable to visceral serosa)

A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates

the relationship between the parietal and visceral

serous membrane layers.

Heart

Parietal

pericardium

Pericardial

space with

serous fluid

Visceral

pericardium

The serosae associated with the heart.

Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships.

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

  • Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Right upper

quadrant

(RUQ)

Right lower

quadrant

(RLQ)

Left upper

quadrant

(LUQ)

Left lower

quadrant

(LLQ)

Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Abdominopelvic Regions

  • Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Right

hypochondriac

region

Epigastric

region

Right

lumbar

region

Umbilical

region

Left

hypochondriac

region

Left

lumbar

region

Right iliac

(inguinal)

region

Hypogastric

(pubic)

region

Left iliac

(inguinal)

region

Liver

Gallbladder

Ascending colon of

large intestine

Small intestine

Cecum

Appendix

Diaphragm

Spleen

Stomach

Transverse colon

of large intestine

Descending colon

of large intestine

Initial part of

sigmoid colon

Urinary bladder

Nine regions delineated by four planes

Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.

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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Body Cavities

  • Exposed to environment
  • Oral and digestive cavities
  • Nasal cavity
  • Orbital cavities
  • Middle ear cavities
  • Not exposed to environment
  • Synovial cavities

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.