ANSWER THE ESSAYS AND THE BULLET (-) QUESTIONS
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APLECTURE15MuscleMovementsTypesandNames.pptMuscle Movements, Types, and Names
Skeletal Muscle Activity
- All muscles cross at least one joint
- Most bulk muscle lies proximal to joint crossed
- All muscles have 2 attachments
- Insertion
- Origin
- Muscles can only pull (not push)
- Contraction causes muscle insertion to move toward origin
Attachments
- Origin
- Attached to immovable or less movable bone
- Insertion
- Attached to movable bone
Actions of Joints
- Different kinds of movements occur at joints
- Movements controlled by muscles (actions)
- Actions
- Decrease joint angle
- Increase joint angle
- Cause rotation at joint
Flexion
- Decreases angle joint
- Brings bones closer
- Hinge and ball and socket joints
- Bend your elbow
- Flexing forearm
- Thigh
- Anterior flexion
- Leg
- Posterior flexion
- Bending forward at waist
- Flexion of vertebral column
- Looking at toes
- Flexion of head
Extension
- Increase joint angle
- Return to anatomical position of part of body that was flexed
- Looking at toes and lift head up
- Extending neck
- Straighten knee after its bent
- Extending leg
- Hyperextension
- Extending body beyond anatomical position
- Bowling – arm reaches back of arc
Rotation
- Ball and socket joints
- Circular movement of a part of the body
- Lateral rotation
- Moves anterior surface of limb toward lateral side of the body
- Medial rotation
- Turns anterior surface of limb toward midline
Abduction
- Moving limb away from midline
Adduction
- Moving limb toward midline
Protraction
- Horizontal movement in anterior direction
- Jutting chin forward
Retraction
- Reverse of protraction
- Jaw moving from anterior to posterior
Elevation
- Move in superior direction
- Shrug shoulders
Depression
- Opposite of elevation
- Movement in inferior direction
Circumduction
- Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
- Ball and socket joints
Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
- Up and down movements of foot
- Dorsiflexion
- Lifting foot
- Plantar flexion
- Depressing foot
- Pointing toes
Inversion and Eversion
- Movements of foot
- Inversion
- Sole turned medially
- Eversion
- Sole turned laterally
Supination and Pronation
- Movements of radius around ulna
- Supination
- Forearm rotates laterally
- Palm faces anterior
- Pronation
- Forearm rotates medially
- Palm faces posterior
Opposition
- Palm hand
- Saddle joint between metacarpal and carpals
- Moving thumb to touch fingers
Types of Muscles
- Most body movements are result of two or more muscles
- Whatever one muscle can do, another can reverse
- Variety of movements
Prime Mover
- Muscle that has major responsibility for causing a particular movement
Antagonist
- Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
- Prime mover active – antagonist is stretched and relaxed
- Ex. Biceps
- Prime mover elbow flexion
- Antagonized by triceps (prime mover of elbow extension)
Synergists
- Help prime movers
- Produce same movement
- Reduce undesirable movements
- Stabilize movement
- Ex. making a fist without bending wrist
- Synergist muscles stabilize wrist joint
- Prime mover acts on finger joints
Fixators
- Specialized synergists
- Hold bone still
- Ex. postural muscles
- Stabilize vertebral column
Naming Skeletal Muscles
- Direction of fibers
- Relative size
- Location
- Number of origins
- Location of origin and insertion
- Shape
- Action
Direction of Muscle Fibers
- Rectus
- Straight
- Fibers run parallel
- Ex. rectus femoris (thigh)
- Oblique
- Fibers run obliquely
Relative Size of Muscle
- Maximus
- Largest
- Ex. gluteus maximus
- Minimus
- Smallest
- Longus
- Long
Location of Muscle
- Bone associated with
- Ex. temporalis (temporal bones of skull)
- Ex. frontalis (frontal bone skull)
Number of Origins
- Ex. Biceps
- Two origins
- Ex. Triceps
- Three origins
- Ex. Quadriceps
- Four origins
Location of Muscle’s Origin and Insertion
- Named for attachment site
- Ex. Sternocleiodomastoid (sternum and clavicle origin and inserts on mastoid process of temporal bone)
Shape of Muscle
- Ex. Deltoid
- Triangular
