ANSWER THE ESSAYS AND THE QUESTIONS

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Skeletal System

Joints

Articulations

  • Joints
  • Every bone in body forms joint w/ one other bone
  • Except hyoid neck
  • Function
  • Hold bones together
  • Skeleton mobility

Classification of Joints

  • Functionally
  • Amount of movement
  • Structurally

Functional Classification of Joints

  • Synarthroses
  • Immovable
  • Axial skeleton
  • Amphiarthroses
  • Slightly moveable
  • Axial skeleton
  • Diarthroses
  • Freely moveable
  • In limbs

Structural Classification

  • Fibrous
  • Immovable
  • Cartilaginous
  • Immovable or slightly movable
  • Most amphiarthrotic
  • Synovial

Fibrous Joints

  • Bones united by fibrous tissue
  • Permit little movement

Types of Fibrous Joints

  • Suture
  • Occurs between adjacent bones in cranium
  • Gomphosis
  • Teeth in sockets of maxilla and mandible
  • Peg in a socket
  • Connects bone of jaw to tooth by periodontal ligaments (fibrous connective tissue)
  • Syndesmosis
  • Longer connecting fibers
  • Joint more give
  • Distal radius and ulna or distal tibia and fibula

Cartilaginous Joints

  • Bone ends connected by cartilage
  • Amphiarthrotic
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Intertevertebral joints
  • Synarthrotic
  • Hyaline cartilage epiphyseal plates
  • Cartilaginous joints between 1st ribs and sternum

Examples of Cartilaginous Joints

  • Phase of development of skeleton
  • Epiphyseal plate
  • Immovable joint
  • Eventually fuses to form a single bone
  • Articulation between true ribs and sternum by costal cartilages
  • Hyaline cartilage binds ribs to sternum
  • Somewhat move

Examples of Cartilaginous Joints

  • Symphysis
  • Fibrocartilaginous pad
  • Between pubic bones
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Allow some movement
  • Endure more physical stress
  • Fibrocartilage endures greater stress than hyaline cartilage

Synovial Joints

  • Articulating bone ends separated by joint cavity
  • Contains synovial fluid

Synovial Joints

  • Articular Cartilage
  • Hyaline cartilage covers ends of bones
  • Fibrous Articular Capsule
  • Capsule fibrous connective tissue encloses joint surface
  • Lined w/ snyovial membrane
  • Joint Cavity
  • Contains synovial fluid
  • Reinforcing ligaments

Modified Synovial Structures

  • Bursae
  • Flattened fibrous sacs
  • Lined w/ synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid
  • Ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, bone rub together
  • Tendon Sheaths
  • Elongated bursea
  • Wraps around tendon
  • Subjected to friction

Types of Synovial Joints

  • Plane
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle
  • Ball and socket

Synovial Joints Classified by Movement

  • Classified based on type of movement they allow between articulating bones
  • Least movable to most movable

Plane Joints

  • Gliding Joints
  • Allow movement between two flat surfaces
  • Nonaxial
  • Gliding does not involve rotation
  • Intertarsal or intercarpal joints

Hinge Joints

  • Cylindrical end of bone fits into trough-shaped surface on another bone
  • Angular movement
  • Uniaxial
  • Movement in one plane
  • Elbow, knee, between phalanges of fingers
  • Increase or decrease angle of two bones

Pivot Joints

  • Rounded end of one bone fits into sleeve of bone
  • Uniaxial joints
  • Allow for rotational movement between two bones
  • Movement of atlas and axis when moving head “no”
  • Proximal radioulnar joint

Condyloid Joints

  • Egg shaped articular surface of one bone fits into oval concavity of another
  • Movement side to side and back and forth
  • Cannot rotate
  • Biaxial
  • Knuckle

Saddle Joints

  • Articular surface convex and concave surfaces
  • Biaxial joint
  • Carpometacarpal joints in thumb

Ball and Socket Joints

  • Spherical head one bone fits into round socket of another
  • Multiaxial joints
  • Movement in all axes
  • Freely moving
  • Least stable

Monaxial Joints

  • Move only in one plane
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Gliding joints

Biaxial Joints

  • Move in two planes
  • Condyloid
  • Saddle joints

Multiaxial Joints

  • Move in many planes
  • Ball and socket joints

Dislocation

  • Bone forced out of normal position in joint cavity
  • Reduction
  • Returning bone to proper position

Inflammatory Disorders of Joints

  • Bursititis
  • Sprain
  • Arthritis
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Gouty arthritis

Bursitis

  • Water on knee
  • Inflammation of bursae or synovial membrane

Sprain

  • Ligaments or tendons reinforcing joint damaged
  • Excessive stretching
  • Torn away from bone
  • Dense C.T.
  • Poor blood supply
  • Heal slowly, painful

Arthritis

  • 100 different inflammatory or degenerative diseases damage joints
  • Most widespread crippling disease in US
  • 1 in 7
  • Symptoms
  • Pain
  • Stiffness
  • Swelling joint

Acute Arthritis

  • Bacterial invasion
  • Treated w/ antibiotics
  • Synovial membrane thickens
  • Fluid production decreases
  • Increased friction and pain

Chronic Arthritis

  • Osteoarthritis
  • Rheumatoid
  • Gouty

Osteoarthritis

  • Most common
  • Aged
  • Wear and tear
  • Articular cartilage
  • Softening, fraying, breakdown of cartilage
  • Exposed bone thickens
  • Bone spurs protrude into joint cavity
  • Restricts joint movement
  • Cervical and lumbar joints
  • Knees
  • Hips
  • Slow, irreversible
  • Rarely crippling

Rheumatoid Arthritis

  • Chronic inflammatory disorder
  • 40-50 years age
  • 3x many women
  • Fingers, wrists, ankles, feet affected same time
  • Remissions and flare-ups
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Body’s immune system destroys tissue
  • Initial trigger unknown
  • Inflammation synovial membrane
  • Thickens joints swell
  • Synovial fluid accumulates
  • Wbc produce abnormal tissue
  • Cartilage destroyed
  • Scar tissue connects bone ends
  • Ossifies
  • Aspirin, cyclosporin

Gouty Arthritis

  • Uric acid accumulates in blood
  • Deposited as crystals in joints
  • Usually affects one joint
  • Big toe
  • Common males after 30
  • Bone ends fuse
  • Joint immobilized
  • Lose weight
  • Avoid foods high in nucleic acids
  • Liver, kidneys, sardines
  • Avoid alcohol
  • Prevents kidney from excreting uric acid

Development of Skeletal System

  • Long bones formed of hyaline cartilage
  • Fetus
  • Flat bones skull fibrous membranes
  • Fontanels
  • Ossified by 2 yrs
  • After adolescence epiphyseal plates ossified

Development of Skeletal System

  • Baby cranium larger than face
  • Growth brain
  • 2 yrs skull ¾ adult size
  • 8-9 almost adult size
  • 6 to 11 head enlarges
  • Face grows out from skull
  • Jaws increase size
  • Cheekbones and nose prominent
  • Permanent teeth develop

Development of Skeletal System

  • Primary curvatures birth convex posteriorly
  • Infant spine arched
  • Secondary curvatures convex anteriorly
  • Reshaping invertebral discs
  • S shaped spine adult

Osteoporosis

  • Bone thinning disease
  • ½ women over 65
  • 20% men over 70
  • Bones fragil
  • Spine, neck, femur
  • Kyphosis (hunch back)
  • Pathological fractures