Neurolinguistics: Brain, Monolingual and bilingual language

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The examples in this guide are based on the Concise Guide to APA Style, Seventh Edition, which is adapted by the American Psychological Association (APA) from its Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition.

The Concise Guide is intended for undergraduate students writing papers for course assignments.

Master’s and Doctoral students should consult the Publication Manual for more in-depth explanation of formatting and preparing works cited lists.

The Concise Guide and the Publication Manual are available in the Cardinal Stritch University Library.

APA Style website https://apastyle.apa.org/ • Questions and answers about APA Style.

APA Style blog https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/ • Resource for announcements and updates regarding APA Style as

well as explanations about style guidelines.

APA Resources

S E V E N T H E D I T I O N

Determining Severity of Child Language Impairment

Jane Q. Public

Cardinal Stritch University

PS 304 Experimental Psychology

Dr. John H. Smith

April 1, 2020

Unless you receive other instruction, the first page of your paper is a title page. The following elements are included on the title page: • Title of the paper

• Bold, Title case • Author’s name

• Fir st name, middle initial, last name • Multiple authors

• Each name should appear on a separate line

• University name • Course number and name • Instructor name • Assignment due date • Page number (1) in the header

Title Page Elements

Title Page Layout

Formatting

Determining Severity of Child Language Impairment

A diagnosis of language impairment in a child is frequently followed by another integral

component of the assessment process, the determination of severity. Severity designations are

often based on the magnitude of the linguistic deficit present. In addition, clinicians’

severity determinations are typically categorical in nature, with children classified as exhibiting

mild, moderate or severe language impairment.

1 • Title of the paper

• Centered, Bold, Title case • Page number (2) in the header

First Page Elements

First Page Layout

Formatting

References

Ballantyne, A., Spilkin, A., & Trauner, D. (2007). The revision decision: Is change always good?

A comparison of CELF-R and CELF-3 test scores in children with language impairment,

focal brain damage, and typical development. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in

Schools, 38(3), 182-189.

Millitant, D. (2006). Read aloud versus shared reading: The effects on vocabulary acquisition,

comprehension, and fluency (Unpublished master’s thesis). Kean University. (ED491543).

Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/

Who • Who authored the work? • Individual/Multiple people/Group

When • When was the work published/

created? What • What is the title of the work?

Where • Where can it be found? • Where do I go to retrieve it?

Elements of a Reference

• References start on a new page.

• References are ordered alphabetically by author’s surname

• Do not sort names WITHIN a reference

• Each reference has a hanging indent of .5 inch.

• In Microsoft Word see Paragraph - Indentation - Special - Hanging

• References ending with a DOI or URL do not have an ending period.

Reference Pages

Reference Page Layout

Formatting

There are two types of in-text citations, parenthetical and narrative. Both supply the same basic information, but are formatted differently.

Format • (Author name, publication date)

• (Jones, 2019)

Parenthetical in-text citations

Book with no author: (Strategic Management, 2011)

Author unknown If the author is unknown, the work title moves into the author position. • Format of the work title - italicized

• If the work title is italicized in the reference list, italicize it within the in-text citation. • Capitalize the work title using title case.

• Format of the work title - not italicized • If the work title is not italicized in the reference list, use double quotation marks around the title. • Capitalize the work title using title case.

Magazine article with no author: (“Foundations of Strategic Management”, 2007)

In-Text Citations

Page numbers should always be included within in-text citations when directly quoting from a work.

Specific parts of a work To provide greater specificity of what is being referenced, additional information can be added to the end of the in-text citation. Examples include: • Page numbers

• (Smith, 2015, pp.10-15)

• Table numbers • (Nowak, 2020, Table 3)

• See page 264 of the Publication Manual for additional examples.

• At the end of a sentence

“There are five reasons why servant leadership can be a foundation for personal and organizational excellence- contextual, anecdotal, empirical, philosophical, and cross-cultural” (Sendjaya, 2015, p. 3).

A new framework (Nowak, 2015) has been devised to enhance the organization’s understanding of its supply chain inefficiencies.

Location • A parenthetical citation may appear either:

• Within a sentence

In-Text Citations

With narrative in-text citations, the information about the work is incorporated within a sentence.

Format • Author name (publication year)

• Jones (2019)

Narrative in-text citations

As Sendjaya (2015) points out, no individual is likely to possess all of the skills necessary for

today’s competitive market.

Abbreviations

If a group author name is well known, it can be abbreviated to enhance readability.

Abbreviation Guidelines Provide the full name the first time the name is mentioned in the text, followed by the abbreviation. For subsequent citations, the abbreviated format can be used.

Narrative citation - first appearence:

The American Medical Association (AMA, 2018) first addressed the topic...

Parenthetical citation - first appearence:

(American Medical Association [AMA], 2018)

Do NOT abbreviate the group name in the reference list.

In-Text Citations

Personal Communications

Works that cannot be recovered by readers are designated as personal communications.

Format • Initials and surname of the person providing the communication (date of the communication)

Narrative citation

J. L. Bennett (personal communication, May 2, 2016)

Parenthetical citation

(R. Mitchell, personal communication, January 21, 2018)

In-Text Citations

Depending on the format of the reference source, there are variations in how the reference is listed. It is often best to model your citation after an example. Identify the document type that you have used (book, periodical, chapter, web site, etc.) and find a similar example below. Mirror the example with your specific information.

Parenthetical citation: (Sendjaya, 2015)

Narrative citation: Sendjaya (2015)

Sendjaya, S. (2015). Personal and organizational excellence through servant leadership: Learning to serve,

serving to lead, leading to transform. Springer.

Book - Single Author

Twain, M. (1885). Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Charles L. Webster. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/76/76-

h/76-h.htm

Book - Ebook or audiobook without a DOI, with a non-database URL

Author(s). (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xxxx

Book Citation - General Format

When using a direct quote, add the source’s page number to the in-text citation. See the In-Text Example on the bottom of page 6.

Books

Three or more authors – first and future times the source is cited:

Narrative citation: Sander et al. (2009)

Parenthetical citation: (Sander et al., 2009)

Sander, M. R., Downer, J. L., Quist, A. L. Lucas, C. L., Cline, J. K., & Campbell, D. R. (2014). Doing research

in the university library. Corbin Press.

Book (multiple authors) without a DOI

Parenthetical citation: (Kouzes & Posner, 2008)

Narrative citation: Kouzes and Posner (2008)

Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2008). The student leadership challenge: Five practices for exemplary leaders.

Jossey-Bass.

Book (2 authors) without a DOI – from most academic research databases or print version

Narrative citation: American Psychological Association (2020)

Parenthetical citation: (American Psychological Association, 2020)

Book – corporate author, publisher as author, with DOI

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association

(7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

When the publisher and author are the same, omit the publisher element from the reference.

Books

Narrative citation: Hunnicutt (2009)

Parenthetical citation: (Hunnicutt, 2009)

Hunnicutt, S. (Ed.). (2009). Corporate social responsibility. Greenhaven Press.

Edited Book – no author

Jennings, J. H., Caldwell, J. S., & Lerner, J. W. (2010). Reading problems: Assessment and teaching strategies

(6th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.

Book – 2nd or later edition

Groarke, L. A., & Tindale, C. W. (2008). Good reasoning matters!: A constructive approach to critical thinking

(Rev. ed.). Oxford University Press.

Book – Revised edition

Narrative citation: Hawthorne et al. (2010)

Parenthetical citation: (Hawthorne et al., 2010)

Hawthorne, J., Kelsch, A., & Steen, T. (2010). Making general education matter: Structures and strategies. In C.

M. Wehlburg (Ed.), Integrated general education (2nd ed., pp. 23-34). Jossey-Bass.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

Books

Hitler, A. (2001). Mein Kampf (R. Manheim, Trans.). Houghton Mifflin. (Original work published 1943).

Book translation

Gregory, W. D. (2001). Foreword. In J. C. Cusick & K. F. DeVries, The basic guide to young adult ministry (pp.

ix-x). Orbis Books.

Book - Introduction, preface, foreword, after word

Pearson, P. D. (Ed.). (1984-2000) Handbook of reading research (Vol. 1-3). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Multivolume work - All volumes

Kamil, M. L., Mosenthal, P. B., Pearson, P. D., & Barr, R. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of reading research

(Vol. 3). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Multivolume work - One volume, no individual title

Shapiro, T. M. (2010). The hidden cost of being African American. In M. L. Andersen & P. H. Collins (Eds.),

Race, class & gender: An anthology (7th ed., pp. 129-136). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Work in an anthology

Narrative citation: Shapiro (2010)

Parenthetical citation: (Shapiro, 2010)

Books

Grossman, W. L. (1996). History of transportation. In L. S. Bahr, B. Johnston, & L. A. Bloomfield (Eds.),

Collier’s encyclopedia (Vol. 22, pp. 416-439). Collier.

Encyclopedia entr y, signed

Gulf of Thessaloniki. (1996). In L. S. Bahr, B. Johnston, & L. A. Bloomfield (Eds.), Collier’s encyclopedia

(Vol. 22, p. 285). Collier.

Encyclopedia entr y, unsigned

Books

Secondary sources: provide a reference for the secondary source.

In the text of your paper, if you are unable to access and read the primary source, identify the primary source, also citing the secondary source. In the references, only list the secondary source.

If the text of your paper, identify the primary source and then write, “as cited in” the secondary source. Include the year of the primary source if known.

Calkins, L. (2015). A guide to the reading workshop: Primary grades. Heinemann.

Much of children’s reading happens without them consciously recognizing that they are

processing the print on the page and understanding the meaning of the content (Clay, 2001, as

cited in Calkins, 2015, p. 116).

Secondary Sources

What is a DOI?

A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique string that provides a persistent link to content on the internet.

Shortened DOIs

When a DOI is lengthy, you may use a shortened version. The International DOI Foundation (http://shortdoi.org/ ) provides a service that will create a shortDOI®. When a shortDOI is created, it is also unique and specific to a work.

If a work has never had a shortDOI assigned to it, the service will create a new shortDOI. If a shortDOI was created previously, the service will retrieve the already existing shortened version of the original DOI.

Milton, C. L. (2009). Leadership and ethics in nurse-nurse relationships. Nursing Science

Quarterly, 22(2), 116-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318409332569

Original DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318409332569

ShortDOI®: http://doi.org/csr9r8

The short version will function the same as the original DOI.

How to shorten a DOI

1. Copy the DOI (the section of the URL that follows https://doi.org/ )

2. Go to http://shortdoi.org 3. Paste the DOI into the DOI name field 4. Click the Submit button

DOI

Journal article with DOI

Milton, C. L. (2009). Leadership and ethics in nurse-nurse relationships. Nursing Science Quarterly, 22(2), 116-

119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318409332569

Narrative citation: Milton (2009)

Parenthetical citation: (Milton, 2009, p. xxx)

Gropp, M., Johnson, E., Bornman, J., & Koul, R. (2019). Nurses’ perspectives about communication with

patients in an intensive care setting using a communication board: A pilot study. Health SA Gesondheid,

24, 1-9. http://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v24i0.1162

Narrative citation: Gropp et al. (2019)

Parenthetical citation: (Gropp et al., 2019, para. 3)

Journal article without DOI

Hepworth, D., Littlepage, B., & Hancock, K. (2018). Factors influencing university student academic success.

Educational Research Quarterly, 42(1), 45-61.

Narrative citation: Hepworth et al. (2018)

Parenthetical citation: (Hepworth et al., 2018, p. xx)

Periodicals

Journal article - multiple authors, no issue number provided

Lessard, L. M., & Juvonen, J. (2018). Losing and gaining friends: Does friendship instability compromise

academic functioning in middle school. Journal of School Psychology, 69, 143-153. http://doi.

org/10.1016/j.jsp.2018.05.003

Narrative citation: Lessard and Juvonen (2018)

Parenthetical citation: (Lessard & Juvonen, 2018, p. xx)

Journal article – 21 or more authors

When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand) and then add the final author’s name.

Parenthetical citation: Cappella, Schwartz, Hill, et al. (2019)

Parenthetical citation: Cappella, Schwartz, Smith, et al. (2019)

Cappella, E., Schwartz, K., Hill, J., Kim, H. Y., & Seidman, E.

Cappella, E., Schwartz, K., Smith, F., Jones, G., & Brown, R.

Write out as many names as needed to distinguish the references. Because et al. takes the place of multiple names, when only the last name is different, include all author names in every citation.

Journal article with a DOI - Three or more authors that shorten to the same form

Periodicals

Newspaper article from a database

Stockman, F. (2018, December 24). Anti-Semitism accusations roil women’s march. New York Times,

168(58186), A1-A13.

Newspaper article from the web

Dvorak, P. (2020, January 20). Marching around with guns on your chest? That’s all about fear. Washington

Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/marching-around-with-guns-on-your-chest-thats-all-about-

fear/2020/01/20/077f3af0-3bc2-11ea-baca-eb7ace0a3455_story.html

Narrative citation: Zikmund and Lummis (2019)

Parenthetical citation: (Zikmund & Lummis, 2019)

Magazine article from a database

Zikmund, B. B., & Lummis, A. T. (1998, May 6). Women, men and styles of clergy leadership. Christian

Century, 115(14), 478.

Magazine article from the web

Schindler, J. (2019, January 7). Leading with ethics. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/

forbescoachescouncil/2019/01/07/leading-with-ethics/#15d2ad4568ad

Editorial

Vogus, T. J. (2020). Rethinking critical advancements: Taking stock and moving forward conceptually

[Editorial]. Health Care Management Review, 45(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1097/

HMR.0000000000000274

Periodicals

Dissertation or thesis published online (not in a database)

Ries, N. (2016). A community youth organization’s contribution to immigrant students’ academic success

and identity formation. [Masters monograph, Stanford University]. SearchWorks Catalog. https://

searchworks.stanford.edu/view/11881782

Caballero, S. (2004). How to teach first graders [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Wisconsin –

Madison.

Dissertation or thesis - unpublished

Dissertation or thesis from a database

Berry, R. S. (2001). Children’s environmental print: Reliability, validity, and relationship to early reading.

(Publication No. 3007766) [Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill].

ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Narrative citation: Berry (2001)

Parenthetical citation: (Berry, 2001)

Dissertations

Buchmann, R. (2008, April). Informal information seeking as done by college students. Poster session presented

at the meeting of Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians, Manitowoc, WI.

Unpublished paper presented at a meeting

Narrative citation: Proctor & Gamble Company (2019)

Parenthetical citation: (Proctor & Gamble Company, 2019)

Proctor & Gamble. (2019). 2019 Annual report and proxy statement. https://www.pginvestor.com/CustomPage/

Index?KeyGenPage=1073748359

Annual report

Company profile

MarketLine. (2019, July 26). Hallmark Cards, Inc. [Company profile].

Meetings / Reports

Music Album - Classical works

Reference elements for recordings of classical works. • Author: Composer of the work. • Year: Publication year of the recording. • Album title • [Artist or group who recorded the album] • Album publisher. • (Year the work was composed, if known)

Beethoven, L. van. (1987). Symphony no. 9 [Album recorded by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra]. Decca.

(Original composition date 1824)

Beethoven, L. van. (1987). Symphony no. 9 [Album recorded by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra]. Decca.

Parenthetical citation: (Beethoven, 1824/1987)

Music Album

Holiday, B. (2001). Best of Billy Holiday [Album]. Columbia.

See pages 344 and 345 of the Publication Manual for details on citing audio works.

Reference elements for music albums. • Author: Name of the recording artist or group. • Year: Publication year of the recording. • Album title [Album] • Album publisher.

Electronic Resources

Encyclopedia - online

Grayson, K. A., Kotler, P., & Hibbard, J. D. (2020, January 9). Marketing. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/marketing

Hibbard, J. D., Kotler, P., & Grayson, K. A. (2017). Marketing. Britannica Academic. https://academic-eb-com/

levels/collegiate/article/marketing/109821

ERIC document

ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) classifies its resources under two broad categories, Journal and Non-Journal.

Each item in the ERIC database is assigned an ERIC Number. The number will have a prefix which indentifies the work as Journal (EJ) or Non-Journal (ED). The reference style to use varies based on the ERIC Record Type.

Militante, D. A. K., (2006). Read aloud versus shared

reading: The effects on vocabulary acquisition,

comprehension, and fluency (ED491543). ERIC.

http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED491543.pdf

Include the ERIC Document number after the work title.

ERIC record type ED: Non-Journal

ED: Non-Journal. • Reports, Conference papers,

Dissertations, Theses, Editorials • Cite as an ERIC ED document.

EJ: Journal. • Article from a journal • Cite as a journal article.

ERIC Record Types

Electronic Resources

Blog post

Males, J. (2020, January 20). Introducing the future crops collection. Everyone. https://blogs.plos.org/

everyone/2020/01/20/introducing-the-future-crops-collection/

Facebook post

National Institutes of Health. (2020, February 13). Low-dose aspirin reduces preterm birth among first-time

mothers. Facebook. https://bit.ly/37rE1bU

Film / video - YouTube or streaming video

School of Rock. (2019, September 3). School of Rock students perform “California Dreamin” by the Mamas &

the Papas [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlG-vN8i9Qc

Film / video - TED Talks

Cuddy, A. (2012, June). Your body language may shape who you are [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.

ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_may_shape_who_you_are

TED Talk viewed on the ted.com website. When viewing a TED Talk video on the ted.com website, use the speaker as the author.

TED Talk viewed on YouTube. When viewing a TED Talk video on YouTube, list the owner of the YouTube account (in this example, TED) as the author and add the presenter’s name prior to the title.

TED. (2019, January 24). Lydia Machová: The secrets of learning a new language [Video]. YouTube. https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_XVt5rdpFY

Electronic Resources

Author. (Date). Work title. Website name. URL

Webpage - Basic reference structure

Webpage - General Guidelines

See pages 287 - 289 of the Concise Guide for details on citing websites.

General mentions of websites (no page or particular information from a website is used) • Do not create a reference list entry or an in-text citation • What to include within the body of the paper

• The name of the website • The website’s URL in parentheses.

Many people consult product review sites such as Consumer Reports (https://www. consumerreports.org/cro/index.htm) before purchasing a car.

When to use the website category • When a more specific reference category does not apply • When the website is the parent of the work

Using multiple webpages from a website • Create a reference for each

Narrative citation: Chi (2018)

Parenthetical citation: (Chi, 2018)

Chi, C. (2018, July 30). 4 management styles to strive for, and 4 to avoid. HubSpot. https://blog.hubspot.com/

marketing/management-styles

Webpage

Electronic Resources

FORMATTING

Title page layout
First page layout
Reference page layout

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Parenthetical in-text citations
Narrative in-text citations
Personal communications

BOOKS

Book citation - general format
Single author
Ebook
Two / multiple authors
Corporate author
Edited book - no author
Article or chapter in an edited book
Editions
Translation
Introduction, preface, foreword, afterword
Multivolume works
Anthology
Encyclopedia

SECONDARY SOURCES
DOI - Digital Object Identifier
PERIODICALS

Journal article
Journal article - multiple authors
Magazines - newspapers - editorials

DISSERTATIONS
MEETINGS / REPORTS

Annual report
Company profile
Paper presented at a meeting

ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

Music album
ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) document
Encyclopedia - online
Facebook - blog posts
Film / video - TED Talks - YouTube
Webpage