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APAStyle.pdf
APA Style
Resources Writing APA Style
APA Style
APA Style refers to the editorial guide for academic documents published by the American Psychological Association. The APA Style rules and guidelines are presented in the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
APA released the newest 7 edition in October 2019. The major changes from the 6 edition include:
An updated title page for student papers The elimination of the running head in student papers Updated DOI and URL guidelines when citing electronic resources The use of the singular “they” pronoun for bias-free, inclusive language
The APA style guide is comprised of a set of rules and guidelines created for publishers and writers to make sure that written material is presented clearly and consistently. In addition to providing helpful information on correct and accurate writing, APA Style also details the rules
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(/apus-library/)
(/apus-library/about-us/contact-us.html) ABOUT US
RESEARCH SUBJECTS A-Z COURSE MATERIALS
RESOURCES
for resource documentation and citation and the formatting of citations and the document as a whole. APA Style is most typically used in the social and behavioral sciences.
Because the publisher has not created an institutional version of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition (aka, the APA Style guide), the library cannot provide a licensed copy for student use. Should you wish to purchase a copy of the APA guide, a.k.a. the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, please visit the bookseller of your choice or visit the APA Style website at https://apastyle.apa.org
(https://apastyle.apa.org/) for purchase options.
Please visit the Style and Grammar Guidelines for a user-friendly guide to the APA’s 7 edition with many examples: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/)
Have more questions about APA Style? Try the APA's official "APA Style Help" page: https://apastyle.apa.org/apa-style-help (https://apastyle.apa.org/apa-style-help)
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FORMATTING
Paper Format is covered in Sections 2.16-2.25 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th
Edition
For more details, see Paper Format: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/paper-format/ (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper- format/)
It is always recommended to check with your instructor for any specific requirements regarding formatting of your papers. Order of pages The pages of an APA Style paper should be in the following order:
title page (page 1) abstract (student papers do not usually require an abstract unless required by instructor) text (start on a new page after the title page, if paper does not have an abstract) references (start on a new page after the end of the text) footnotes (start on a new page after the references) tables (start each on a new page after the footnotes) figures (start each on a new page after the tables) appendices (start each on a new page after the tables and/or figures)
Order of Pages: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-
format/order-pages (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper- format/order-pages)Page Header
All APA Style papers should have the page number, in the top right corner, in the header of each page.
For student papers, the page header needs only the page number.
Note: Student papers do not require a running head unless requested by the
instructor.
Page Header: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper- format/page-header (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper- format/page-header)
Font
Use the same font throughout your paper. Exceptions to that rule are discussed here: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/font
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/font)
A few different fonts are permitted in APA Style papers. They include the following:
a sans serif font such as: 11-point Arial, 11-point Calibri, or 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode a serif font such as: 11-point Georgia, 12-point Times New Roman, or normal (10- point) Computer Modern (this is the default font for LaTeX)
Line Spacing
Double-space the entire APA Style paper, unless an instructor has specified otherwise.
Double-space the title page, abstract, text, headings, block quotations, reference list, table and figure notes, and appendices.
Do not add blank lines before or after headings, even if a heading comes at the end of a page.
Do not add extra spacing between paragraphs.
Note: There are some exceptions to the double line spacing rule in regards to the title page, tables, figures, footnotes, and displayed equations.
For more details, visit Line Spacing: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/paper-format/line-spacing (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/paper-format/line-spacing)
Margins
Use 1 in. (2.54 cm.) margins on all sides (left, right, top, and bottom) of the page of an APA Style paper.
Note: Dissertations or theses may have different requirements specified by an instructor or institution.
Margins: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-
format/margins (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper- format/margins)
Paragraph Alignment & Paragraph Indention
Align the text of an APA Style paper to the left margin and leave the right margin uneven (“ragged”). Do not use full justification. Do not divide words manually at the end of a line or insert hyphens to break up words at the end of lines.
Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 in. The rest of the lines of the paragraph should be left-aligned.
Note: There are some exceptions to these paragraph indention rules in regards to the title page, section labels, abstract, block quotations, headings, tables and figures, reference list, and appendices.
Paragraph Alignment and Indentation: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/paper-format/paragraph-format (https://apastyle.apa.org/style- grammar-guidelines/paper-format/paragraph-format)
Heading Levels
In APA Style, concise headings help readers track the development of the argument. Headings organize a paper and act as indicators of newly introduced information.
APA uses five possible heading levels. The number of headings to use in a paper depends its length and complexity.
The introduction of the paper does not require a heading since the first part of the paper is assumed to be the introduction. Thus, do not begin a paper with an “Introduction” heading.
For more details, please visit Headings (including a table demonstrating how to format headings): https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-
format/headings (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper- format/headings)
Title Page Example
A title page is required for all APA Style papers. There are different versions of the title page for a student and a professional paper. Students should use the student version of the title page unless their instructor has specified otherwise.
The title page for a student paper should include the:
title of the paper name of the author(s) of the paper affiliation of each author, usually this is the university attended (include the name of the department, followed by the name of the university) course number and name for which the paper is being submitted instructor name (check with instructor to see what is preferred) due date of assignment page number (all pages of paper should have page numbers)
Note: Student papers do not require a running head unless requested by the
instructor.
APA provides a guide to help students with the content and format of their title pages.
Student Title Page Guide (7th Edition)
https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/student-title-page-guide.pdf (https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/student-title-page-guide.pdf)
Title Page Setup: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-
format/title-page (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper- format/title-page)
NOTE: Graduate Students doing the Capstone
The 2022 End of Program Assessment Manual for Graduate Studies (a.k.a. EOP Manual) states that that Capstone papers using APA formatting should not include the running head on the title page.
Page Format Example
APAStyle.org has a robust selection of examples of student and professional papers.
Please visit their site at : https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-
format/sample-papers (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper- format/sample-papers) to view the examples.
REFERENCE LIST | FORMAT
In APA Style, the Reference List section begins after the text or main body of the paper and before any figures, tables or appendices.
Order of Pages
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/order-pages (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/order-pages)
References are covered in Chapters 9 and 10 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th
Edition
Some basic Reference List formatting:
The Reference List section should begin on a new page. Title this section “References” – centered, capitalized and bolded. Use the hanging indent format (i.e., the first line of each reference is set flush left with subsequent lines indented 0.5 in.)
Paragraph Alignment and Indentation
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-
format/paragraph-forma (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/paper-format/paragraph-format)t (https://apastyle.apa.org/style- grammar-guidelines/paper-format/paragraph-format) Double-space all reference entries. If there is no date provided, use “n.d.” (n.d. = no date).
Missing Reference Information
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing- information (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/references/missing-information)
Sample papers formatted in 7th edition APA Style (you’ll find the “References” section at the very end of the “sample papers”): https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/sample-papers
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/sample-papers)
For more on the Reference List:
References
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references)
Basic Principles of Reference List Entries
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/basic-principles
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/basic-principles)
Elements of Reference List Entries
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-entry (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-entry)
Reference Examples
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples)
(Examples given include journal article, dictionary entry, government report, YouTube video, Facebook post, and more.)
Reference Lists Versus Bibliographies
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/lists-vs-
bibliographies (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/lists-vs- bibliographies)
IN-TEXT CITATIONS | FORMAT
An In-Text Citation is basically a short citation that appears in the main body or text of the paper. It helps anyone who reads the paper locate the cited work in the References section at the end of the paper.
In-Text Citations are covered in Sections 8.10–8.36 of the APA Publication Manual,
7th Edition
APA uses the author-date citation system. Each in-text citation must have a corresponding entry in the References section and vice versa, each entry in the References section must be cited in the text of the paper. In-text citations can be narrative or parenthetical. If paraphrasing, use the narrative or parenthetical citation format to cite the original work.
In-Text Citations
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/)
Author–Date Citation System
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-
principles/author-date (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/citations/basic-principles/author-date)
Paraphrasing
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/paraphrasing
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/paraphrasing)
Parenthetical Versus Narrative
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-
principles/author-date#parenthetical-narrative (https://apastyle.apa.org/style- grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/author-date#parenthetical-narrative)
Example of a parenthetical in-text citation:
The archetype of the outsider was personified in the Star Trek character of Mr. Spock (Roddenberry, 2001).
Example of a narrative in-text citation:
According to Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry (2001), the archetype of the outsider was personified in the character of Mr. Spock.
How to Cite a specific part of a source (e.g., page number, chapter, table, figure,
paragraphs, etc.)
Cite the specific part (page number, chapter, etc.) after the date: (Roddenberry, 2001, p. 14) or (APA, 2010, Chapter 6)
Citing Specific Parts of a Source
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic- principles/parts-source (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parts-source)
If page numbers are not available, provide another way for the reader to locate the cited material.
For example, if paragraph numbers are present, use in place of page numbers. Use the abbreviation: para.
Example: (Roddenberry, para. 17)
If there are headings but no page or paragraph numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph (you will need to count paragraphs and apply a number).
Example: (Roddenberry, 2001, Introduction, para. 2)
If there are no page or paragraph numbers and the heading is too long to cite in full, use a shortened version of the heading enclosed in quotation marks for the parenthetical citation.
Example: (Roddenberry, 2001, "Aliens as Humans," para. 5)
NOTES ON MULTIPLE AUTHORS
The format of in-text citations can change depending on the number of authors being cited.
Two authors
Cite both author names every time the source is mentioned in the text. Use an “and” between the author names when using a narrative citation and use an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation.
Examples:
Narrative In-text citation: The study by Jones and Eckle (2008) suggested . . .
Parenthetical In-text citation: (Jones & Eckle, 2008) Three or more authors
In sources with three or more authors, only include the name of the first author followed by “et al.” in every citation (including the first citation).
Examples:
Narrative In-text citation: As Franklin et al. (2010) found. . .
Parenthetical In-text citation: (Franklin et al., 2010)
Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations is covered in Sections 8.17 of the
APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition
Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-
principles/author-date (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/citations/basic-principles/author-date)
Parenthetical Versus Narrative
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-
principles/author-date#parenthetical-narrative (https://apastyle.apa.org/style- grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/author-date#parenthetical-narrative)
In comparison, note how the author element is formatted in a reference list entry:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-
entry#author (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/references/elements-list-entry#author)
USING A DOI OR URL
A note about DOIs
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a standardized unique number given to some articles, papers, and books, by some publishers, to identify a particular publication. Not all publications have a DOI number. If you cannot locate a DOI for a source you want to cite, use the URL of the homepage of the journal itself (not the link to the specific article) or the URL of the book or report publisher.
If you have a reference and can't find the DOI number, or have a DOI number and are missing the reference, try using the Crossref Free DOI Lookup:
https://www.crossref.org/guestquery (https://www.crossref.org/guestquery)
DOI format: https://doi.org/xxxxx
Example DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040251 (https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040251)
Example URL: https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/10/health/nap-heart-health-
wellness-intl-scli/index.html (https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/10/health/nap-heart- health-wellness-intl-scli/index.html)
Guidelines for using DOIs or URLs
If a DOI is present, use the DOI instead of the URL. Do not use "Retrieved from" or “Accessed from” before a DOI or URL.
If a work does not have a DOI and is from a research database, do not include a URL or database information. Treat the reference the same as if for a print version of the work. If a work comes from a database that publishes original or proprietary material that is only available in that database or for works in databases that have limited circulation, use the name of the database or archive and the URL of the work cited. However, if the URL requires a login to access it, instead use the URL for the database or archive home page or login page instead of the URL for the work.
Database Information in References https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/database-
information (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/references/database-information) For most references, do not include retrieval dates. However, if the work is not archived and will be updated or may change over time, then include a retrieval date.
When to use Retrieval Dates
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-
list-entry#retrieval (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/references/elements-list-entry#retrieval) Copy and paste the DOI or URL directly from the web browser into your reference list. Do not insert a hyphen if URL or DOI will extend into next line. Break before the punctuation Do not add a period after a DOI or URL. Do not enclose the URL/DOI in brackets.
When to Include DOIs and URLs & the Format of DOIs and URLs:
DOIs and URLs
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/dois-urls
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/dois-urls)
If a DOI or URL is really long, you can use shortDOIs or shortened URLs:
DOI and URL Shorteners:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/dois-urls
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/dois-urls)
Learn more about how the Source element is formatted in a reference list entry:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-
entry#source (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/references/elements-list-entry#source)
Reference Examples
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples)
QUOTATIONS | FORMAT
It is usually better to try to paraphrase your sources rather than use a direct quotation as paraphrasing allows you to incorporate the source you are citing into the own personal writing style and the general flow of your paper.
However, if quoting a source directly, always provide the author, date, and page number (if present) in the in-text citation.
Paraphrasing
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/paraphrasing
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/paraphrasing)
When to use direct quotations rather than paraphrasing
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/quotations (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/quotations)
Short quotation (less than 40 words):
If the quotation being used is less than 40 words, then enclose it with double quotation marks and incorporate it into the text or body of the paper being written.
Use double quotation marks (“) to mark the start and the end of the direct quotation. Single quotation marks (‘) are used when quoting material that is already using quotation marks. Include a full citation after the quotation but before the final period of the sentence. Do not use an ellipsis at the beginning or the end of a quotation, unless the original source you are citing includes an ellipsis. Periods and commas are placed within the closing single or double quotation marks.
Example: The author discusses how “the archetype of the outsider was personified in the Star Trek character of Mr. Spock” (Roddenberry, 2001, p. 25).
Block quotation (any quotation of 40 or more words):
If the quotation being used is 40 words or more, then it is treated as a block quotation.
Do not use quotation marks to enclose the text of the quotation. Start each block quotation on a new line and Indent 0.5 in. from the left margin. If using a parenthetical citation for your block quotation, then cite the source in parentheses after the quotation’s ending punctuation. If using a narrative citation, then cite the author and date in the text before the quotation and then put the page number in parentheses after the quotation’s ending punctuation.
Line spacing:
Double-space between all lines of text of the block quotation. Do not add any extra space before or after the block quotation.
Line Spacing for exceptions to double line spacing https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/line- spacing (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/line- spacing)
Quotations are covered in Sections 8.25-8.36 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th
Edition
Quotations for more details and examples:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/quotations (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/quotations)
IMAGES, TABLES & FIGURES
Tables and Figures are covered in Chapter 7 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th
Edition
Tables and Figures
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/index (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/index)
Where to place Tables or Figures in a paper
You have two (2) options for where to place tables or figures in a paper:
1) Place each table or figure on a separate page after the reference list.
Paper Format > Order of Pages
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/order-pages
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/order-pages)
2) Embed tables or figures in the text or main body of your paper after each table or figure is first mentioned.
An embedded table or figure may take up an entire page.
However, if the table or figure is small and does not take up the entire page, the text of your paper can be on the same page as the table or figure. In that case, place the table or figure at the top or the bottom of the page rather than in the middle. And add one blank double-spaced line between the table or figure and any text to help increase the overall presentation.
Sample Tables: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/sample-tables
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/sample-tables)
Sample Figures: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/sample-figures (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/sample-figures)
Accessible Use of Color in Figures:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/colors
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/colors)
Tables have the following basic components:
The table number: This should be above the table in bold font.
The table title: This should be placed one double-spaced line below the table number using italic title case.
Headings: Tables may include a variety of types of headings. All tables should include column headings, including a stub heading. Some tables will also include column spanners, decked heads, and table spanners. See section 7.12 of the APA Publication
Manual, 7th Edition
Body: The body of a table includes all the rows and columns of a table. The body can be single-spaced, one-and-a-half-spaced, or double-spaced.
Notes: There are three types of notes (general, specific, and probability) that can appear below a table to help describe the contents of a table for instances where it is not easily understood from the table's title, image, and/or legend. Include notes only as needed.
Table Setup for details and example: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/tables
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/tables)
Tables are covered in Sections 7.8–7.21 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition
Figures have the following basic components:
The figure number: This should be above the figure title and image in bold font. Number any figures in the same order in which they are mentioned in your paper.
The figure title: This should be placed one double-spaced line below the figure number. This should be brief, but descriptive. Capitalize each figure title using italic title case.
The actual image: Examples include a graph, map, infographic, chart, photograph, or drawing. If there is any text that appears in the image, use a sans serif font between 8 and 14 points.
A figure legend (or key): If one is present, it should be positioned within the borders of the figure as it explains any symbols used in the figure. And capitalize any words in the legend in title case.
Note: There are three types of notes (general, specific, and probability) that can appear below a figure to help describe the contents of a figure for instances where it is not easily understood from the figure's title, image, and/or legend. Include notes only as needed.
Figure Setup provides details and examples: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/figures (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/tables-figures/figures)
Figures are covered in Sections 7.22–7.36 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th
Edition
Sample Professional Paper with tables and figures:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/professional-
annotated.pdf (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper- format/professional-annotated.pdf)
CITING IMAGES - A GLOSSARY OF TERMS
The following terms are typically used when discussing visual materials or images that might be included in a student paper or thesis. Except where noted, the definitions are from the Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/) (MW) and the Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science (https://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_about.aspx) (ODLIS).
Caption: A brief title, explanation, or description appearing immediately above, beneath, or adjacent to an illustration or photograph on a page, sometimes indicating the source of the image. ODLIS (https://www.abc- clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_c.aspx#caption)
Chart: Information in the form of a table, diagram, etc. MW (https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/chart)
Cover art: The illustration or photograph printed on the outside of a publication, such as a book, magazine, comic book, DVD, VHS tape, video game, CD, or record album. ODLIS (https://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_c.aspx#coverart)
Creator: The person responsible for producing an original work of visual art. ODLIS
(https://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_c.aspx#creator)
Credit line (or Credit): A brief statement giving the name of the author, artist, agency, or publication that is the source of a picture, photograph, or quotation reproduced in an article or book, or on a Web page, usually displayed immediately below the illustration or portion of text or given at the end of the caption. Credit lines are sometimes printed together in a separate section in the front matter or back matter of a book or in a paragraph on another page in a periodical. ODLIS (https://www.abc- clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_c.aspx#creditline)
Diagram: A figure, chart, or graphic design intended to illustrate or explain a principle, concept, or set of statistical data. Also, a drawing, sketch, or plan that shows the steps in a process or the relationship of the parts of an object or structure to the whole, usually simplified for the sake of clarity and utility. ODLIS (https://www.abc- clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_d.aspx#diagram)
Figure: Illustrative matter printed with the text, rather than separately in the form of plates. Figures are usually fairly simple line drawings, numbered consecutively in arabic numerals in order of appearance to facilitate reference. Figures not individually captioned may be listed with captions on a separate page, usually in the front matter of a book. (The number assigned to a plate is called a figure number.) ODLIS
(https://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_f.aspx#figure)
Graph: A diagram that shows (1) quantity in relation to a whole (pie graph), (2) the distribution of separate values of a variable in relation to another (scatter graph), or (3) change in the value of a variable in relation to another (coordinate graph, histogram, etc.), for example, change in the average price of a journal subscription over time. ODLIS (https://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_g.aspx#graph)
Graphic: Any two-dimensional nontextual, still representation. ODLIS
(https://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_g.aspx#graphic)
Illustration: A picture, plate, diagram, plan, chart, map, design, or other graphic image printed with or inserted in the text of a book or other publication as an embellishment or to complement or elucidate the text. ODLIS (https://www.abc- clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_i.aspx#illustration)
Image: A visual representation of something: as (1) a likeness of an object produced on a photographic material or (2) a picture produced on an electronic display (as a television or computer screen) MW (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/image)
Label: Descriptive terms that appear within an illustration.
List of Figures (or List of Illustrations): Ordered list of figures or illustrations included in a text (typically a book, dissertation, or thesis). The List of Figures is usually located in the front matter of the document.
List of Tables: Ordered list of tables included in a text (typically a book, dissertation, or thesis). The List of Tables is usually located in the front matter of the document.
Map: (1) A picture or chart that shows the rivers, mountains, streets, etc., in a particular area; (2) a picture or chart that shows the different parts of something. MW
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/map)
Plate: Illustrative matter in a book or other publication, usually printed with or without explanatory text on a leaf of different quality paper than the main text, with the reverse side often blank or bearing a descriptive legend. Plates are usually inserted in the sections after gathering, either distributed throughout the text or in one or more groups. (The number assigned to a plate is called a plate number.) ODLIS (https://www.abc- clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_p.aspx#plate)
Stock photo: A still photograph taken in the past and kept on file for use when no current picture is available, as distinct from one taken specifically for the purpose at hand. Newspapers usually maintain a file of stock photographs, especially portraits of well- known individuals, pictures of landmarks, etc., for use as the occasion arises. ODLIS
(https://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_s.aspx#stockphoto)
Table: The compact arrangement of facts, figures, or other data in vertical rows and columns to facilitate comparison, usually with a title across the top or an explanatory caption or note written or printed underneath. ODLIS (https://www.abc- clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_t.aspx#table)
CITING IMAGES - PARTS OF AN IMAGE
Images from a scholarly source
Above images from Tanaka, K., Zelenitsky, D. K., & Therrien, F. (2015). Eggshell porosity provides insight on evolution of nesting in dinosaurs. PLOS ONE, 10(11), e0142829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142829 (Used with permission. Modified to include parts of images.)
Images from non-scholarly sources
While images in academic/scholarly resources have a relatively standardized presentation format, images found in trade or popular magazines or on websites have no such standard. Determining the name of the image, its creator, date, etc. may require some detective work on your part.
If the image has no name: Describe the image in your text. Example: “This portrait of actor Claire Danes at last year’s award ceremony….” Cite according to the instructions in the style guide you are using.
If you cannot determine who created the image: Cite this as you would a source with no author according the guidelines of your style guide.
If you cannot determine the date of the image: Use the date of the source and cite according to the guidelines of your style guide.
Image found on a website
NOTE: Always cite the image from the source in which you found it.
The following image was found on the “Publicity Photos” page of author Ursula K. Le Guin’s official website.
All the information needed to cite this image:
1. Name and URL of website: Ursula K. Le Guin’s Website, http://www.ursulakleguin.com/
2. Name and URL of web page it is located on: Publicity Photos, http://www.ursulakleguin.com /PublicityPhotos.html
3. Name of image: Ursula K. Le Guin or Photo of Ursula K. Le Guin
4. Creator of image: Jack Liu
5. Date of image: 2014
Image found via Google Images search
NOTE: Always cite the image from the source in which you found it.
The same image (above) was found on a different website by searching Google Images for Ursula K. Le Guin.
1. Click on the image to bring up the Google Images info box. Then click on the Visit page button. (To save image, click on the View image button, then right-click for Save image option.)
2. Identify the information needed to cite the image. Use this information in your citation.
The following are the most commonly requested examples of APA citation/reference models. It is not a complete list. You are encouraged to acquire a copy of the complete guide to use throughout your program.
All the information needed to cite this image:
1. Name and URL of website: YES! Magazine, http://www.yesmagazine.org/
2. Title of web article and URL of page: “Ursula K. Le Guin Calls on Fantasy and Sci Fi Writers to Envision Alternatives to Capitalism,” http://www.yesmagazine.org/happiness/ursula-k-le-guin- calls-on-sci-fi-and- fantasy-writers-to-envision-alternatives-to-capitalism
3. Name of image: The image does not have a title or caption. In this instance, the name of the image would be listed as “Photo of Ursula K. Le Guin.”
4. Creator of image: Jack Liu
5. Date of article: 2015
INDIRECT/SECONDARY SOURCE CITATION
For more examples of common types of APA Style references, visit APA Style's Common
Reference Examples Guide (https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference- examples.pdf) for the 7th edition.
Citation Examples
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Journal Article Online (when a DOI is available, include it in reference)
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article.Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), page range. DOI
Graham, S., Harris, K. R., Kiuhara, S. A., & Fishman, E. J. (2017). The relationship among strategic writing behavior, writing motivation, and writing performance with young, developing writers. Elementary School Journal, 118(1), 82–104. https://doi.org/10.1086/693009
Journal Article Online (when a DOI is not available and the article is from an online academic research database, this type of reference is treated the same as if for a print journal article.) Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of
Periodical, volume number (issue number), page range.
Schneider, A. (2003). Home movie-making and Swiss expatriate identities in the 1920s and 1930s. Film History, 15(2), 166-176.
Apple, M. W. (2011). Rightist education and godly technology: Cultural politics, gender, and the work of home schooling. REMIE Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 1(1), 5–33.
Journal Article Online (when a DOI is not available but there is a URL that is accessible for readers then include it at the end of the reference.) Apple, M. W. (2011). Rightist education and godly technology: Cultural politics, gender,
and the work of home schooling. REMIE Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 1(1), 5–33. https://hipatiapress.com/hpjournals/index.php/remie/article/view/74
Journal Article Online with DOI (and multiple authors)
Author 1's Last Name, Author’s Initials, Author 2's Last Name, Author’s Initials, & Author 3's Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), page range. DOI
Wright, M. A., Wintemute, G. J., & Webster, D. W. (2010). Factors affecting a recently purchased handgun's risk for use in crime under circumstances that suggest gun trafficking. Journal of Urban Health, 87(3), 352-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-010-9437-5
Graham, S., Harris, K. R., Kiuhara, S. A., & Fishman, E. J. (2017). The relationship among strategic writing behavior, writing motivation, and writing performance with young, developing writers. Elementary School Journal, 118(1), 82–104. https://doi.org/10.1086/693009
For more guidance on multiple authors:
NOTES ON MULTIPLE AUTHORS section (above) or https://apastyle.apa.org/style-
grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-entry#author
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list- entry#author)
Reference Examples for Journal Articles
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples#journal
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples#journal)
Elements of Reference List Entries (author, date, title, and source)
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-entry (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-entry)
BOOKS & BOOKS-ELECTRONIC
Do not include publisher location.
If a book has a DOI, include the DOI after the publisher name.
If a book does not have a DOI and comes from an academic research database, the book reference ends after the publisher name. Do not include any database information as this type of reference is treated the same as if for a print book.
Books in Print Form with One Author
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publisher.
Harris, M. (2009). Pictures at a revolution: Five movies and the birth of the new Hollywood. Penguin.
Book in Print Form with Multiple Authors Author 1's Last Name, Author’s Initials, Author 2's Last Name, Author’s Initials, & Author
3's Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publisher.
Ingham, R., & Covey, L. (1983). The costume designer's handbook: A complete guide for amateur and professional costume designers. Prentice Hall, Inc.
Format of author names in Reference List:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-
entry#author (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/references/elements-list-entry#author)
Book in Print with No Author
Title of book: Subtitle of book. (Year). Publisher.
The Chicago manual of style. (16th ed.). (2010). University of Chicago Press.
Missing Reference Information
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing- information (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing- information)
Chapter/Section from an Edited Book
Do not include publisher location.
If an edited book chapter has a DOI, include the chapter DOI in the reference after publisher name.
If an edited book chapter does not have a DOI and comes from an academic research database, then end the reference after the publisher name. Do not include any database information as this type of reference is treated the same as if for a print edited book chapter.
Do not create references for chapters from authored books.
Instead, create a reference for the whole book and then cite the chapter number in the in-text citation (e.g., Bukatman, 2013, Chapter 2).
Chapter Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Year). Title of chapter/section. In Editor's Initials. Editor’s Last Name (Ed.), Title of book: Subtitle of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher. DOI
Bukatman, S. (2013). A song of the urban superhero. In C. Hatfield, J. Heer, & K. Worcester (Eds.), The superhero reader (pp. 170-198). University Press of Mississippi. https://doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781617038068.001.0001
Edited Book Chapter
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/edited-
book-chapter-references (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/references/examples/edited-book-chapter-references)
Books in Electronic Form
Kindle/Nook e-Book (or any book in a similar, specific format; e.g., PDF, EPUB, iBook, etc.) For ebooks, do not include the platform, device (such as Kindle), or format in the reference.
For audio books, include the narrator and the audiobook notation.
Author Last Name, First (and Middle) Initials. (Year). Title of e-book: Subtitle of e-book. Audio Publisher. Non-database URL
Harris, M. (2009). Pictures at a revolution: Five movies and the birth of the new Hollywood. Audio Publishing. http://bit.ly/2G0Bpbl
e-Book from Online Library (does not require login)
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Year). Title of e-book: Subtitle of e-book. Publisher. Non-commercial database URL
Harris, M. (2009). Pictures at a revolution: Five movies and the birth of the new Hollywood. Penguin. http://bit.ly/2G0Bpbl
e-Book from Online Academic Research Database (requires login)
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Year). Title of e-book: Subtitle of e-book. Publisher.
Harris, M. (2009). Pictures at a revolution: Five movies and the birth of the new Hollywood. Penguin.
Database Information in References
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/database-
information (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/database- information) APUS eTextbooks or other resources available only in APUS classroom
Classroom or Intranet Resources (covered in Section 8.8) of the APA Publication
Manual, 7th Edition
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/classroom-intranet-
sources (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/classroom- intranet-sources)
Reference examples (covered in Chapter 10) of the APA Publication Manual, 7th
Edition
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples)
Missing Reference Information
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-
information (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing- information)
POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Date). Title of PowerPoint [PowerPoint slides]. Publisher. URL
Blanke, J. (n.d.). Bluebook citation [PowerPoint slides]. Mercer University. http://ssbea.mercer.edu/blanke/BluebookCitation.ppt
If the PowerPoint slides come from an online classroom or other online learning platform that requires a login to access, use the login page URL for the online classroom or other platform.
VIDEO RECORDINGS & PODCASTS
For a YouTube or other online streaming video, include as the author: the person or group who uploaded the video
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Date). Title of video [Video]. Publisher. URL Walker, N. (2014, May 2). Neil Armstrong - First man on the moon [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CD-OcW3Qhjg American Public University. (2019, Feb 4). Fighting back with higher education [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8foyT2t9LI
See YouTube Video example: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/references/examples/youtube-references
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/youtube- references)
For a podcast, include as the author: the host or executive producer
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Host). (Date). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Publisher. URL
Raz, G. (Host). (2016-present). How I built this with Guy Raz [Audio podcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this
For a podcast episode, include as the author: the host of episode
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Host). (Date). Title of podcast episode [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Publisher. URL
Raz, G. (Host). (2019, November 4). FUBU: Daymond John [Audio podcast episode]. In How I built this with Guy Raz. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/11/01/775448775/fubu-daymond-john
WEBSITES, BLOGS, & SOCIAL MEDIA
Section 10.16 Webpages and Websites of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition
If the author of a webpage and the publisher of the website are the same, then do not include the publisher name. Be as specific as possible for the date of the webpage by using what is available (year only, year and month, or year, month and day). The title of the webpage should be in italics. If the contents of a webpage will change or be updated over time, include a retrieval date in the reference.
Webpage with Individual or Group Author
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials OR name of group. (Date). Title of webpage. Website name. URL
Sessa-Hawkins, M. (2015, September 15). Why Agatha Christie is even more awesome than you thought. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/agatha-christie- even-awesome-thought
Webpage with No Author
Title of webpage. (Date). Website name. URL Guest given air mattress that will slowly deflate throughout night. (2015, June 12). The
Onion. http://www.theonion.com/article/guest-given-air-mattress-will- slowly-deflate-throu-50646
Webpage with No Author or Date
Guest given air mattress that will slowly deflate throughout night. (n.d.). The Onion. http://www.theonion.com/article/guest-given-air-mattress-will-slowly- deflate-throu-50646
Webpage on a Website example https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/references/examples#webpage (https://apastyle.apa.org/style- grammar-guidelines/references/examples#webpage)
Missing Reference Information https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-
information (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing- information)
Section 9.7 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition as well as: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-
entry#author (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/references/elements-list-entry#author) provides information and help determining the author
General Mentions of websites
Section 8.22 of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition
If you discuss any website in general, it is sufficient to give the URL in the text. No reference list entry or in-text citation is needed.
Example:
News agencies like CNN provide breaking news coverage to millions of people every day on their website (http://www.cnn.com).
Webpage on a Website example https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/references/examples#webpage (https://apastyle.apa.org/style- grammar-guidelines/references/examples#webpage)
Blog Post
Section 10.1 Periodicals of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Date). Title of blog post. Blog title. URL Lee, C. (2010, November 18). How to cite something you found on a website in APA
style. APA Style Blog. http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/how-to- cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.html
Social Media
Section 10.15 Social Media of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition
Social media posts may contain nonstandard capitalization, spelling, emojis, URLs, or hashtags. Retain and do not alter post spelling or content, if possible. An emoji is counted as one word. Replicate any emoji, if possible. If that is not possible, put the emoji name in square brackets.
For example: [grinning face]
For a full list of emoji names, see the Unicode Consortium website (http://unicode.org/emoji/charts/index.html)
Social media posts may contain text, text with audiovisuals (e.g., photo, video), or audiovisuals only. Use square brackets to indicate audiovisuals after the title (text of a post).
Examples: [Image attached], [Video attached], [Thumbnail with link attached].
Tweet
The name of the individual author or group author should be presented the same as you would for any other reference.
Tweet Author
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-
entry#author (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/references/elements-list-entry#author)
After the author, provide the Twitter handle in square brackets (beginning with the @ sign) and followed by a period.
Include up to the first 20 words of the tweet as the title.
Instagram will use the same format that is used for Twitter. For more details, visit:
Tweet
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples#tweet (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples#tweet)
Facebook Post
Include up to the first 20 words of the Facebook post as the title. A URL or link, a hashtag, or an emoji is counted as one word and should be included in reference if they are within the first 20 words.
The Facebook Post format can also be used for posts to other social media such as Tumblr, LinkedIn, etc.
Facebook Post:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples#fb
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples#fb)
DISSERTATIONS & THESES
Section 10.6 Dissertations and Theses of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition
Dissertations and theses fall into two categories: Whether they are published or unpublished.
If they have been published, they can usually be found in a database, a university or digital archive, or on a personal website.
If unpublished, usually they must be retrieved directly from a university or college in the print form.
Dissertation or master's thesis available via a database service
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Year). Title of dissertation (Accession/Publication/Order number) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of Institution awarding the degree]. Database name, archive name or URL.
Lieb, K. J. (2007). Pop tarts and body parts: An exploration of the imaging and brand management of female popular music stars (UMI 3281727) [Doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University]. ProQuest UMI Dissertations Publishing.
Unpublished dissertation or master's thesis
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Year). Title of dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's thesis]. Name of Institution awarding the degree.
Manderson, E. L. (1969). Utopian tradition in the Islandia of Austin Tappan Wright [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Maine.
REPORTS & WHITE PAPERS
Section 10.4 Reports and Gray Literature of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition
There are various types of reports, including research reports, government reports or policy briefs. Reports such as these usually cover original research but they may not always be peer reviewed and are included in a body of literature that is sometimes referred to as gray literature. Also included in gray literature are issue briefs, technical reports, grants, press releases, etc.
Government Report example:
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials or Organization Name. (Year). Title of report (Report/Publication number, if available). Publisher name. URL
United States Government Accountability Office. (2015). TSA has taken steps to improve vetting of airport workers (GAO-15-704T). http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/670809.pdf
If the publisher is the same as the author, the publisher name can be left out of the reference.
Government Report
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples#govt
(https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples#govt)
Policy Brief example:
Schanzenbach, D. W. (2014). Does class size matter? [Policy brief]. National Education Policy Center. https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/does-class-size-matter
References to Legal Materials
Section 11 Legal References of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition for examples of legal references.
The APA editors also recommend consulting The Bluebook (http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=https://www.legalbluebook.com) for more complex legal references. The this info page in the Writing@APUS Bluebook page: Legal/Government Citation for Non-Legal Studies Students
(http://www.apus.edu/apus-library/resources-services/Writing/writing- center/bluebook-style-guide-info.html) provides additional information.
COURSE NOTES & LECTURES
Classroom or Intranet Resources (covered in Section 8.8) of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Seventh Edition https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/classroom-intranet-
sources (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/classroom- intranet-sources)
How accessible or recoverable the works you use in your paper are to certain audiences determines how they should be cited.
Is the work accessible to anyone? Does it require a login?
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Date). Title of PowerPoint [PowerPoint slides]. Publisher. URL
Blanke, J. (n.d.). Bluebook citation [PowerPoint slides]. Mercer University. http://ssbea.mercer.edu/blanke/BluebookCitation.ppt
If PowerPoint slides or lecture notes come from an online classroom or other online learning platform (e.g., Moodle, Sakai, Blackboard) that requires a login to access and the audience you are writing for has access to it (e.g., instructor or fellow students), then provide the name of the classroom website or online learning platform and use the login page URL.
Blanke, J. (n.d.). Bluebook citation [PowerPoint slides]. Sakai. https://login.apus.edu/padsts/login
Author Last Name, Author’s Initials. (Date). Title (if available) [Lecture notes on….]. Publisher. URL
However, if your audience is broader and will not have access to an online classroom or learning platform, then your sources should be cited as personal communications.
NOTE: Personal communications are only cited in-text, not in the References list.
In-text citation format:
Communicator’s name using initials and surname, the phrase “personal communication,” and the date of the communication.
J. B. Allen (personal communication, March 15, 2011)
or
(J. B. Allen, personal communication, March 15, 2011)
Personal Communications (covered in Section 8.9) of the APA Publication Manual, 7th Edition https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/personal-
communications (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar- guidelines/citations/personal-communications)
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PLAGIARISM
APUS Copyright (https://apus.libguides.com/copyright) APUS Prohibited Student Conduct (https://www.amu.apus.edu/student-handbook/university- policies-and-code-of-conduct/apus-student-code-of-conduct/prohibited-student-conduct/) EOP Assessment Options Explained (https://www.amu.apus.edu/student-handbook/your-academic- success/before-you-start-your-program/master's/final-course-requirements/) Plagiarism.org (http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/prevention)
FEEDBACK
(https://apus.libwizard.com/id/bab153e31da1410798298ec3bf058412)
Student Services
AMU Career Services (/apus-library/resources/student-services/career-services-amu-student/)
APU Career Services (/apus-library/resources/student-services/career-services-apu-student/)
AMU Academic Services (/apus-library/resources/student-services/academic-success-amu/)
APU Academic Services (/apus-library/resources/student-services/academic-success-apu/) (/apus-
library/resources/student-services/career-services-apu-student/)
Alumni Affairs
AMU Alumni (/apus-library/alumni/amu-student/)
APU Alumni (/apus-library/alumni/apu-student/)
Stay Connected
Social Networks (/social-media-center/)
(https://www.facebook.com/APUS.Online.Library)
(https://twitter.com/APUSLibrary)
Website
Site Map (/apus-library/site-map/)
Privacy Policy (/privacy/)
Terms (/terms/)
American Public University System (APUS) is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (https://www.hlcommission.org/) (HLC) and is a wholly owned subsidiary of American Public Education, Inc.
(http://www.apei.com) (APEI). Pursuant to a contractual arrangement, APEI provides certain services for the benefit of APUS, subject to APUS oversight and ultimate authority. Pursuant to a license, APEI may use APUS’s trademarks and other intellectual
property in its performance of those services. American Public University System, American Public University, and American Military University are not affiliated with American University or the U.S. Military.
Feedback (https://apus.libwizard.com/f/feedback)
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