for experamental phsycology

3

Running head: DANGERS OF USING CELL-PHONES

APA Project Description & Example

The Key-Elements

· Research & Notes: Before the writing process, it is essential to find at least 5 credible, recently published sources. Search across credible websites, as well as academic search engines, Google Scholar or Oxford Academic, to find reliable references to include in an academic paper.

· Prioritize Your Thesis: As the thesis statement is a summary of the entire paper, start prioritizing it before working on the other sections of the outline. The thesis can guide you along the planning and writing process.

· Write Your Ideas: Assuming you have already written out the basic headings of an outline, write down all of the key points from your found sources in the Thesis and Body sections.

· Where to Include References: All of the references are included in the body section. Excluding reflection paper and analytical papers, where it’s acceptable to include a citation within the introductory paragraph.

· Introduction: For most academic styles, the introduction is the opening line to the paper. Thus, it is essential to plan something catchy. As mentioned, writing styles, for example, reflection essay or analytical paper, allow for the use of citation as an opening.

· The Discussion/Conclusion: The entire paper should be summarized in the final paragraph, restating the thesis in the first sentence, adding suggestions, predictions, and/or opinions in the sentences that follow. As for the final sentence, it should summarize the goal of the paper.

· Articles: Attach full-text articles for each source use (for every in-text citation) in the paper.

General Outline Format

APA-Style Title Page (10 points)

· Essay Title:

· Student Name:

· Institutional Affiliation:

· Running head (top of the page):

Abstract (10 points)

· Overview of paper.

Introduction (5 points)

· Opening Paragraph.

Thesis (10 points)

· Brief Description of the Entire Paper.

· Link Sentence to the First Body Section.

Body Paragraph/Section 1 (10 points)

· Evidence/Reference.

· Explanation (Related to the Thesis).

· Link Sentence to the Second Body Section.

Body Paragraph/Section 2 (10 points)

· Evidence/Reference.

· Explanation (Related to the Thesis).

· Link Sentence to the Third Body Section.

Body Paragraph/Section 3 (10 points)

· Evidence/Reference.

· Explanation (Related to the Thesis).

· Link Sentence to the Conclusion.

Hypothesis (10 points)

· Expected research outcome.

Method (15 points)

· Participants: Describe the proposed participants and their characteristics.

· Materials: List each proposed instrument/questionnaire used AND identify variable it will measure in your study. Include reference(s).

· Procedure: Describe proposed steps to carrying out the study. Describe where participants recruited from.

References (10 points)

· Citations

Next Pages:

SAMPLE PAPER General Outline (Be sure to use the APA format paper template)

The Relationship Between Cell Phone Use and Dangerous Outcomes in Young Adults

Rattler Green

Florida A&M University

Abstract

This study explored the use of mobile phones among young college adults. The main objective of the study was to examine the use of mobile phones to fulfill communication, media and age-related needs by young people and to investigate negative outcomes. Questionnaires were administered to 50 college-going young adults (18 – 24 years) in Florida. [Add Results later.]

The Relationship Between Cell Phone Use and Dangerous Outcomes in Young Adults Introduction

Introductory Sentence: Mobile phones have taken a drastic effect on our daily lives in the worst possible way (Rattlers, 2021).

Importance: The vast majority of Americans – 96% – now own a cellphone of some kind. The share of Americans that own smartphones is now 81%, up from just 35% in in 2011 (Venom, 2019). A recent survey found that around 50% of young people felt that they were addicted to their phones and that it has a negative impact on their lives (Senior, 2018).

Link Sentence to the Thesis: The everyday use of mobile technology has gone out of control.

Thesis

Description: The paper describes the regular dangers and negative effects on humans regarding cell phone usage. The ordeal can be life-threatening, or simply socially depriving.

First argument: High amounts of cell-phone usage results in negative health consequences.

Second Argument: Cell phone usage has a negative effect on human interaction.

Third Argument: Texting while driving is worse than drinking and driving.

Health-Risks Associated with Cell Phones

Evidence/Reference: Mobile phones communicate with base stations using radiofrequency (RF) radiation. If RF radiation is high enough, it has a ‘thermal’ effect, which means it raises body temperature. There are concerns that the low levels of RF radiation emitted by mobile phones could cause health problems such as headaches or brain tumors (Excellence & Caring, 2020).

Explanation/Claim: The radiation from phones possesses cancerous elements after long-term usage (Senior, 2018). In other words, one’s long-term cell-phone usage can put him or herself at risk of terminal illness, or worse. There is still a lack of evidence to this claim as cell phones have not been around for very long.

Link Sentence: Which brings us to how cell phones are destroying human interaction.

How Cell Phones Are Destroying Human Interaction

Evidence/Reference: Sherry Turkle argues that the use of cell phones while in social situations affects the quality of human conversation. Turkle says that it makes people less open and honest in conversation. She also says it makes people less empathetic. She uses a school of children as an example, stating that the children do not seem to be able to understand each other or show empathy toward each other (Orange & Green, 2019).

Explanation/Claim: Mobile phone usage has gotten to the extent that humans are no longer communicating. Families go out to restaurants, cafes, and parks without interacting with each other due to their addiction to cell phones. Humans have also possessed far less empathy compared with 15 years ago due to the missing interaction that could have been obtained during this time period (Venom, 2019). This shows mostly in school children who have been born into this way of life.

Link Sentence: Apart from that, cell-phone usage while driving also comes with life-threatening risks.

Using A Cell Phone While Driving

Evidence/Reference: The Transport Research Laboratory found that motorists who use their mobile phone to send text messages (...) the research found, with steering control by texters 91 percent poorer than that of drivers devoting their full concentration to the road (Rattlers, 2021).

Explanation/Claim: Using a mobile device while driving a motor vehicle has more of a drastic effect than drink-driving. On record, there have been more deaths around the world from text-driving and drink-driving (Senior, 2018).

Link Sentence to the Conclusion: Humans are completely addicted to mobile phones, to the extent of dangerous driving, health-risks, and a lack of interaction.

Hypothesis

Expected research outcome: It is hypothesized that cell-phone use is directly related to negative outcomes in young adults.

Method

Participants 

Describe the proposed participants and their characteristics (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity,..).

Materials

List each proposed instrument/questionnaire used AND identify variable it will measure in your study. Include reference(s).

Procedure

Describe proposed steps to carrying out the study. Describe where participants recruited from.

References

Excellence, A. & Caring, B. (2020). Mobile Phones and Your Health. Retrieved from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/HealthyLiving/mobile-phones-and-your-health

Orange, P. & Green, S. (2019). Cell Phones and Human Interaction. Retrieved from https://www.theodysseyonline.com/cell-phones-and-human-interaction

Rattlers, G. (2021). Texting While Driving Is More Dangerous Than Drink-Driving. Retrieved from http://www.amta.org.au/articles/amta/Texting.while.driving.is.more.dangerous.than.drinkdriving

Senior, A. (2018). Cell phones and health outcomes. Psychology & Health, 23(2), 161-180.  https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105

Venom, S. (2019). Social interactions and cell phone usage. Social Psychology, 36(4), 11-18.  https://doi.org/10.1010/apr.202019