Research Paper( Draft and Final Copy needed)

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APA Workshop

LaRee Moody DHA, RN

Paper Setup

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Paper Setup

  • Margins:1.0” all around
  • The left margin must be flush left and the right margin must be “ragged”

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Paper Setup

  • No boldface
    or underlining in text Use italics in text only for technical terms, statistics, certain headings, books, and other titles
  • Do not double space between paragraphs
  • Set spacing to zero

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Paper Setup

  • Font 12 pt
  • Double-spaced
  • Times New Roman
  • Only one space after commas, colons, and semicolons
  • Space twice after punctuation at the end of a sentence
  • Pagination: top right, beginning with title page

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Paper Preparation

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Transformational Leadership

LaRee Moody

Liberty University

Running head: TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP 1

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Introduction

  • Repeat the title of the paper centered at the top of page 2 exactly as it appears on the title page

  • No “Introduction” heading; the first paragraph is assumed to be an introduction

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Body

Delivers what is described in the introduction

Organize your ideas to flow in logical sequence

Organize major points using headings

State ideas clearly and concisely

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Headings

Level 1: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Level 2: Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Level 3: Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period (first letter of first word upper case).

Level 4: Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading, ending with a period.

Level 5: Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

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Writing

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Examples of Non-academic Writing

Avoid bias in language

Be sensitive to labels-Gay men

Avoid stereotypes such as firemen, nurse, or man suggesting that all are the same. Use individual references.

Racial and ethnic identity-capitalize proper nouns (Black, Hispanic)

Avoid language that equates persons with their disabilities such as ‘neurotics’

Avoid slang/colloquial language

“Fills the gap”

“As a bonus”

“Bridging the gap”

“Corner the market”

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Writing

  • Avoid jargon-a technical vocabulary
  • Avoid metaphors: e.g., “Keep the company on an even keel”
  • Avoid redundancy-use no more words than necessary
  • Avoid anthropomorphism-giving objects human qualities

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Active vs. Passive Writing

  • Use active rather than passive voice:
  • Passive: The interview was conducted in a hospital setting.
  • Active: The researcher conducted the interview in a hospital setting.
  • Passive: The discussion was led by Donna.
  • Active: Donna led the discussion.

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Formatting

  • Numbers:
  • Write numbers 10 and higher as numerals (10,11,12, 13). Nine and lower are spelled out (seven, eight, nine).
  • Commas:
  • Insert a comma in a series of three or more items or phrases before the words ‘and’ or ‘or’ (diamonds, rubies, and sapphires)

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Quotations

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Quotations

  • Fewer than 40 words: include in paragraph; use quote marks
  • It is correct to “use quote marks” for short quotes (Johnson, 2018, p. 22).
  • 40+ words: Use a freestanding block of lines indented 5 spaces as a block quote - - double spaced -- no quote marks Hayes (2019) noted:

The correct way to use long quotes is to block them in an indented paragraph, because . . . consistent with the required APA format. (p. 12) (Note position of the period)

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Quotations

  • Punctuation goes inside quotation marks
  • Johnson (2019, p. 24) stated, “I am interested in healthcare expenses related to the obesity epidemic.”
  • This first item on the list was “Read page 74.”

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Citations

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Citations

  • Paraphrase:
  • Participants were asked to provide age and date of birth (Hayes, 2018).
  • Quotation:
  • “Results suggested participants did not experience tachycardia after receiving the placebo drug” (Howard, 2018, p.2). Use paragraph number if page number is not available. (Howard, 2018, para.4).

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Citations

  • Multiple authors:
  • Results showed no change in heart rate (Hayes, Johnson, Moody, & Berry, 2018).

  • Multiple authors in text:
  • Hayes, Johnson, Moody, and Berry (2018) reported . . .

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Citations

  • Two authors: Always cite both every time you use them
  • Three, four, or five authors: Cite all authors the first time, then only the first author surname and et al.
  • (Berry, Moody, Hayes, & Johnson, 2017)
  • Thereafter (Berry et al., 2017)
  • Six or more authors: Cite only the first surname and
    et al.

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Citations

  • Author unknown: Cite the first few words of the reference list entry (Risk Management, 2018)

  • Page unknown: Use nearest heading or para. number . . .
  • Date unknown: Use (n.d.).

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Citing Secondary Sources

In text citation: Berry and Moody’s study (as cited in Johnson & Hayes, 2018) revealed. . .

Reference list: Cite only the secondary source.

Pensotti, D., & Len, D., (2019). Risk management: Preventing errors in the workplace. Philadelphia, PA: Smith Company.

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Citations—Personal Communications

Emails, letters, memos, personal interviews, telephone conversations:

  • Cite source name and initials and date in text only:
  • D. Hayes, the company’s Chief Nursing Officer, described six common hand washing errors (personal communication, June 8, 2018).
  • Proper hand washing in the healthcare setting requires training (D. Johnson, personal communication, June, 2, 2018).

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References

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References – Book

  • Fortenberry, J.L. (2010). Health care marketing: Tools and techniques (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Notes:--City and state (or country) must be used

-- Exact positions of commas, periods, and spaces

-- Second and subsequent lines indented five spaces (“hanging indent”)

-- Title: Italics, uppercase for first word and proper nouns

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References – Internet Sources
and Journals

What is a DOI? digital object identifier

“A unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet” (The DOI System is found at http://dx.doi.org/)

Burke, L. E., & Wang, J. (2011). Treatment strategies for overweight and obesity. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 43(4), 368-375. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01424.x

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References – Internet Sources
and Journals

“The DOI is . . . located on the first page of the electronic journal article, near the copyright notice”

“The DOI can also be found on the database landing page for the article”

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References – Internet Sources
and Journals

What is a URL? uniform resource locator

“The URL is used to map digital information on the Internet”

Smith, R., & Williams, S. A. (2018). Ethics in educational organizations. Journal of Ethics, 8(5), 12-34. Retrieved from http://www.journalethics.com

If no DOI use Retrieved from the url of the journal. You are leading the reader to the article.

Note: No retrieval date

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References

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., 2nd printing). Washington, DC: Author

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