APA Research on Emotional Behavior
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apaincorporationM.Lowe.pptxIncorporating resources into your paper: APA style
A concise presentation by Megan lowe
Why do we use other people’s work?
When you’re writing a research paper, you’re going to have to work other people’s research into your own, in order to:
Demonstrate the validity of your point of view
Inform your audience of what research has been done on the topic
Show your audience how your point of view fits into what’s been done
How do we use other people’s work?
There are two ways of incorporating information into your paper – quoting and paraphrasing
APA has guidelines for how to use quotations and paraphrasing in your writing
It’s important to understand how these two methods differ
Quotations
Quotations are straight from the horse’s mouth – they are the actual words taken from the text, word for word, as they appear in the text itself
Quotations can be high impact – the words of an expert that support your argument carry a lot of weight
*MY* WORDS!
Quotations & Quoting
But including too many quotations is lazy; you’re letting the research do all of the work
Sometimes too many quotations looks like plagiarism – you’re using someone else’s ideas as your arguments, rather than as support
*You* are supposed to be doing the work; quotations are just tools with which to do the work
Quotations & Quoting
There are two ways to quote.
Way #1: direct quotations - include the author’s or authors’ names in the actual text of the sentence:
Zimbardo (1977) notes that “children are totally insensitive to their parents’ shyness” (p. 62).
Author’s name in the sentence
Quotations & Quoting
Direct quotations do not allow for change – a direct quotation is, word for word, identical to the way it appears in the original text
The original text MUST HAVE QUOTATION MARKS around it
Zimbardo (1977) notes that “children are totally insensitive to their parents’ shyness” (p. 62).
The quotation marks show where the author’s words begin and end, distinguishing them from YOUR writing.
Indirect Quotations
Way #2: indirect quotations - DO NOT include the author’s or authors’ names in the sentence
But you still have to use quotation marks, and you can’t make changes to the text
Some researchers note that "children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness" (Zimbardo, 1977, p. 62).
Not the author’s name
So it’s got to be here
Paraphrasing
A second way you can incorporate information into your writing is to paraphrase
Paraphrasing is the act of taking information from a text and either
Summarizing it – taking a whole paragraph’s worth of information and boiling it down to a few sentences, or
Rewording it - demonstrating your understanding of the information by putting it into your own words, in such a way that is significantly different from the original text
Paraphrasing: Summary
The paragraph you’re about to see is very long, too long to quote effectively
One of your options is to summarize the paragraph in your own words, reducing and simplifying
Remember, though, you’ll still have to do an in-text citation (more on that in a minute)
Summaries do not require quotation marks
Paraphrasing: Summary
ORIGINAL TEXT – TOO LONG TO QUOTE
Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is understandable, since parents are in positions of control and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - - not dumb, ugly, or weak. Zimbardo, Philip G. Shyness: What It Is, What to Do About It. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books, 1977. Print.
SUMMARY OF ORIGINAL TEXT – EASIER TO USE
Because parents are authority figures in the home, children are not immediately aware of their parents’ shyness; it may be too scary for the children to think of their parents in negative terms (Zimbardo, 1977).
Paraphrasing: Rewording
If you aren’t concerned with the length of a section, or you feel you can’t boil the information down without losing something important, you have the option of putting the information in your own words
Make sure the info really is in your own words – if it’s too close to the original text, it could be considered plagiarism
Paraphrasing: Rewording
The result of paraphrasing a paragraph may produce a paragraph of equal length, and that’s okay
What’s important is that the information is actually in your own words and
That you give credit where credit is due
Let’s take a look at an example of rewording paraphrasing, shall we?
Paraphrasing: Rewording
We’ll start with the original text – look at it closely
Then you’ll see a paraphrasing of the text – the ideas are retained (that’s a key element of paraphrasing), but notice how different the wording is
The wording HAS to be significantly different, or it looks like plagiarism
The more different the wording is, the more you demonstrate how well you understand the info and are able to relay it to the audience
Paraphrasing: Rewording
ORIGINAL TEXT, AS IS
Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is understandable, since parents are in positions of control and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - - not dumb, ugly, or weak. Zimbardo, Philip G. Shyness: What It Is, What to Do About It. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books, 1977. Print.
REWORDED/PARAPHRASE
A parent’s shyness is not often perceived by a child, and rarely would a child describe a parent as being shy. Because parents are authority figures in the home, that shyness may not manifest, nor may the parent behave bashfully in front of the child. Moreover, shyness is often valued in a negative fashion by children, so to think of a parent in this fashion can be unsettling to the child. The child idolizes the parent at this stage of development.
Quoting vs. Paraphrasing: When?
Both of these methods of using resources in your writing have many benefits – so how do you decide when to use which?
Remember: quoting is usually high impact – it’s good for emphasis, when you think taking the words out of the horse’s mouth is the best means of persuasion
Quoting is like a punch: your opponent CANNOT ignore it!
Quoting vs. Paraphrasing: When?
Paraphrasing is better for condensing a lot of information into a more manageable amount (like we saw in the summary example)
It’s also very useful when the information is very technical or the author’s style is very dry and inaccessible – you can make the info more easy to consume for your audience
You can also combine authors’ ideas that are similar into one passage through paraphrasing
Mmmm…info smoothie
Paraphrasing: More on Combining Ideas
Let’s say you have two authors who say similar things on a topic.
Zimbardo writes:
Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness.
Smith writes:
Children are usually unaware when their parents are shy.
Paraphrasing: More on Combining Ideas
These two passages of information can be blended together (mmmm….info smoothie) to keep your information concise and to prevent unnecessary repetition. So, a paraphrase of their information blended together would look like this:
Some researchers note that children are often
ignorant with regard to their parents’ shyness
(Zimbardo 62; Smith 45).
Incorporating Info into Your Writing
It’s NOT recommended that you just put quotations in your writing without some kind of preamble or introduction or explanation
A good rule of thumb is that every sentence in your writing should contain something you wrote, no matter what
Transitions are important, particularly between your writing and thoughts, and the quotations
Incorporating Info into Your Writing
That Zimbardo quotation we’ve looked is a good example of an incorporated quotation, both in the direct and indirect style. Let’s look at them again.
Zimbardo (1977) notes that “children are totally insensitive to their parents’ shyness” (p. 62).
Some researchers note that "children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness" (Zimbardo, 1977, p. 62).
Preamble/introduction/transition: it’s simple, but it works. Things flow better!
Incorporating Quotations into Your Writing
And it’s not necessary for every quotation to end the sentence – let’s look at the variants on the Zimbardo quotations again.
Zimbardo (1977) notes that “children are totally insensitive to their parents’ shyness” (p. 62), though some authors disagree.
Some researchers note that "children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness" (Zimbardo, 1977, p. 62), but other authors disagree.
Incorporating Paraphrases into Your Writing
Since paraphrases contain your words plus in-text citations, the presence of preambles, introductions, and/or presentations is assumed.
Some researchers note that children are often ignorant with regard to their parents’ shyness (Zimbardo, 1977; Smith, 2009).
Some researchers note that children are often ignorant with regard to their parents’ shyness (Zimbardo, 1977; Smith, 2009), but there are exceptions.
In-text Citations
These are used to cite resources within the text
Every in-text citation will have a corresponding citation in the References section (with the exception of interviews)
If you quote something directly from a text, then the citation will include author name, date of publication, and page number (sometimes)
In-text Citations, Continued
If you paraphrase something, the in-text citation will only contain the author’s name and the date of publication
If you use the author’s name in the course of the sentence, that name will not appear in the in-text citation
In-text Citations: Direct quotation
According to Jones (1998) "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
In-text Citations: indirect quotation
According to some researchers, "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
In-text Citations: Paraphrasing
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).
In-text Citations – Long Quotations
Long (40+ words) quotations should be set apart (that is, not within the text, like a block quotation)
Omit quotation marks
Indent five spaces from margin
Maintain double spacing
Same rules apply for in-text citation, EXCEPT that the quotation will end with its punctuation, then followed by the citation
BLAH ∞
In-text Citations: Long quotations
{Author named in sentence}
Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing sources.
This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that
many students failed to purchase a style manual or to
ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
Questions?
