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GUIDELINES FOR WRITING A PAPER IN APA-STYLE

(Guidelines are consistent with the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., 2020)

Here are a few online sources regarding new changes for this edition of the APA Manual that you can use for additional help in formatting:

· https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/index

· http://www.choice360.org/librarianship/webinars/whats-new-in-apa-style

· https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/

· https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.mybib.com/blog/apa-style-7th-edition-changes%3famp

A. GENERAL GUIDELINES

1. Papers are to be word-processed with 1-inch margins, left-right, and top-bottom.

2. Set your line spacing at 2.0 at the beginning of your paper, and DO NOT DEVIATE throughout the paper.

3. A title page should conform to the sample at the end of these guidelines.

4. Use centered, bold, Title Case Headings (Level 1) to separate primary sections of a paper (text will begin as a new paragraph) and left-justified, bold, Title Case Headings (Level 2) for secondary sections. (text will begin as a new paragraph).

5. Use the spell- and grammar-checkers in your word processor to help you proofread.

6. Keep an electronic version of your paper, backed up. Do not submit a paper unless you have a copy.

B. HOW TO CITE REFERENCES IN THE BODY OF A PAPER

1. The last name of the author(s) and the year of publication of a reference are inserted as a citation in the body of a paper at appropriate points to give credit for ideas other than your own. Using a citation does not allow copying the author’s words. How many of the author’s words can I use before its plagiarism? You can use a word or two that the author also used, especially if it’s a key term. For example, if you read an article about child development, you don’t need to put the words “child development” in quotation marks just because the author used them. Any more than five consecutive words of the author is the standard definition of plagiarism, but even five words that aren’t consecutive could be considered plagiarism.

Citations may be done in the following ways (see APA Manual for more examples, pp. 261-268):

a. If an author's name appears in a sentence (called a “narrative citation”), cite the year in parentheses:

1) Single author: LaGrange (1995) found that . . .

2) Two authors: Salas and D’Agostino (2020)

3) Three or more authors: Wittekind et al. (1993) also found . . .

Note that the year may be omitted from repeated narrative citations ONLY if it/they occur(s) in the same paragraph.

b. Otherwise, both the name(s) and the year appear in parentheses:

1) . . . has been found (Camp & Appleby, 1992).

2) In a recent study of memory (Plascak-Craig, 1991), it was found that . . .

c. If different authors are cited at the same point, use the following alphabetical format:

1) Recent studies (Adams, 1987; Camp & James, 1986; Wittekind, 1989) have shown . . .

2. If a paper includes a direct quote from a reference, enclose the quote in quotation marks and cite the source including the author, year, and page number:

a. "Dreams reveal facets of an individual's personality" (Wittekind, 1989, p. 43).

b. Wittekind (1989, p. 43) stated that, "Dreams reveal facets of an individual's personality."

If a quote exceeds 40 words, it must be indented as a block quotation. Don’t add quotation marks to block quotations. See pp. 270-272, APA Manual.

Note: for our project in History of Psychology, Capstone, no more than three direct quotes are permitted.

C. HOW TO CITE REFERENCES IN THE REFERENCE SECTION: Double-space throughout your references (see #4, 5, below, as examples)!!!

1. Books

Adams, R. W. (1977). Leaving academia. Liberation Press.

2. Journal Articles—two authors

Solovey, M., & Weinstein, D. (2019). Living well: Histories of well‐being and human

flourishing. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 55 , 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.22009

4. Chapters in an Edited Book

Hingtgen, J. N. (1986). Opera-induced deafness. In O. Wittekind & M. LaGrange (Eds.), Musical

psychology (pp. 239-252). Academic Press.

5. Material from the Internet

Gates, W. (1999). Millennium madness. Journal of Software Insanity, 23, 124-129.

http://insite.palni.edu/WebZ/FETCH : sessi... tml/fulltext.html

Note: An ampersand (&) is used to connect multiple authors in the reference section (see reference #2, above, where the ampersand always follows the comma between the last two names in a reference) and within parentheses in the body of a paper, like this example: (Davis & Jahnke, 2004).

--- These guidelines are a modified version of those written by Dr. Michael Stevenson of Ball State University. ---

--- Many thanks to Kiersten Weatherbie for her help in finding online sources for the changes in the 7th edition of the APA Manual ---

P L A G I A R I S M

A. WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

1. Definition: "Presenting someone else's ideas as your own, whether deliberately or accidentally" (Fowler, 1986, p. 501).

2. Plagiarism is derived from a Latin word meaning "kidnapper" (Fowler, 1986, p. 570).

3. Forms of plagiarism

a. "The use of another's writing without proper use of quotations marks. Do not, under any circumstances, copy onto your paper a direct quotation without providing quotation marks and crediting the source" (Lester, 1967, p. 47).

b. "The borrowing of a word or phrase, the use of an idea, or the paraphrasing of material if that phrase, idea, or material is not properly introduced and documented. Also included in plagiarism is the mere rearrangement of phrases from the original into a new pattern" (Lester, 1967, p. 47). In other words, if you use the same phraseology or the same phrases from an author, even if you re-arrange them, you are committing plagiarism.

c. It is also plagiarism to "take, buy, or receive a paper written by someone else and present it as your own" (Corder & Ruszkiewicz, 1985, p. 633).

d. Another form of academic dishonesty that is related to plagiarism is collusion, which is defined as "collaboration with someone else in producing work you claim to be entirely your own" (Corder & Ruszkiewicz, 1985, p. 633).

B. HOW PLAGIARISM CAN BE AVOIDED?

1. Acknowledge all borrowed material by introducing or following the quotation or paraphrase with the name of the authority from whom it was taken.

2. Enclose all quoted materials within quotation marks, even single words and phrases.

3. Make certain that all paraphrased material is written in your own style and language. This means that even if you paraphrase, but use the same phraseology of the original author’s, you are plagiarizing!

4. Provide a bibliographic entry for every source that appears in a written work.

5. Be certain that all written work you submit is your own. You may (and in some cases should) ask others to review your work, but "any changes, deletions, rearrangements, or corrections should be your own work" (Corder & Ruszkiewicz, 1985, p. 633).

C. WHY IS PLAGIARISM WRONG?

1. It is a criminal offense (i.e., the theft of intellectual property) and can result in fines and/or imprisonment.

2. It is academically dishonest and can lead to serious sanctions from the college.

3. It undermines the academic integrity and ethical atmosphere of the college.

4. It violates the mission of the University of Dayton to emphasize "a respect for knowledge."

5. It involves a passive learning process that obstructs the acquisition and understanding of meaningful academic material.

6. It stalls or retards intellectual, moral, and social development.

7. It violates and disables the process of critical thinking.

8. It promotes feelings of lowered self-esteem in those who believe they must practice it to survive academically.

9. It violates the code of ethics of the American Psychological Association.

10. It produces alumni whose inferior knowledge, abilities, and moral standards tarnish the public image of the University of Dayton (U.D.) and lower the perceived value of a U.D. degree in the eyes of those who evaluate current U.D. students who are seeking employment or admission into graduate school.

References

Corder, J. W., & Ruszkiewicz, J. J. (1985). Handbook of current English. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Fowler, H. R. (1986). The Little, Brown handbook. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

Lester, J. D. (1967). Writing research papers: A complete guide. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman

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