Seminar Reaction Paper

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References Citations in the Text and

the Reference List

Don’t worry about people stealing an idea. If it’s original, you will have to ram it down their throats.

Howard Aiken

All of us … need to take advice and to receive help from other people. Alexis Carrell

If no other investigator had a research idea like yours, you would be the most unusual person in the world. Good research virtually never arises spontaneously and without any earlier work on the topic. So if you come up with an idea, it makes sense to see who else has had a similar idea. This is where references are important.

In this chapter, you will see how to present the citations for previous work to which you have referred. The References section may very well be the least glamorous part of a research report and the most mechanical, but it is still very important. Each person builds on the ideas of others. When you cite previous work, you are documenting the flow of ideas from one thinker to another. The references you use tell your reader what path you took to arrive at your research question and your conclusions. This chapter deals with the way you refer to citations in your writing and how you list them in the References section.

Choosing the references to use can sometimes be difficult. You may have a great number of potential sources to cite, but you may not want to men- tion them all because there will be too much redundancy. So you should

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Beins, B. C., Beins, B. C., & Beins, B. C. (2012). Apa style simplified : Writing in psychology, education, nursing, and sociology. ProQuest Ebook Central <a onclick=window.open('http://ebookcentral.proquest.com','_blank') href='http://ebookcentral.proquest.com' target='_blank' style='cursor: pointer;'>http://ebookcentral.proquest.com</a> Created from csupomona on 2020-08-14 14:17:14.

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References 101

identify the points you want to make and decide which of your references will help you develop your ideas. Sometimes writers have a tendency to want to mention every single source they encounter. If you do this, you run the risk of overwhelming your reader.

The References section in an APA-style paper has a particular purpose: It lists the work you have referred to in your writing. So if you mention a book, a book chapter, a journal article, or any other source, you should include that source in your References section. If you do not mention a source in your paper, do not include it among the references. In other dis- ciplines, a paper might have a Bibliography that contains work not cited in the paper, but in APA style, we only include in the References the sources we actually mention in the paper.

There are too many details regarding reference citation to list exhaus- tively here. However, examples of the major types of citations appear at the end of this chapter. If you need to cite a source that is not included here, you should refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association, 2010).

Finally, you should keep in mind that the references begin on a separate page in a paper you write. Other sections of the paper simply start on the line after the final sentence of the preceding section. For example, the head- ing for the Results section begins right after the final sentence of the Method section, without any extra lines between sections. The References section is different in that it starts on its own page. Like the rest of your paper, it is double spaced. So type the section heading (i.e., the word References, cen- tered in bold type) followed on the next line by the first reference. Do not include a blank line after each reference.

Citing References in the Text

There are several ways of citing references as your create your text, but all of them involve mentioning the author or authors and the year in which the source was published or presented. You use last names only unless there are different authors with the same last name, which could confuse a reader; in that case, use the initials of the different authors in addition to the last name. Furthermore, it is almost never useful to cite an author’s affiliation (e.g., Ithaca College) because it generally does not matter where a writer works. So the referencing style within the body of your paper is simple: last names of the author(s) and year of the work.

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102 References

If you want to present an overall sense of the ideas of several writers, you can present your idea, then refer to those writers as a group. When you do this, you alphabetize the references in the parentheses by the last name of the first author, then separate different authors’ works with a semicolon. You can see an example of this below.

When you alphabetize names, you alphabetize by the last name of the first author. You never rearrange names of the authors of an individual ref- erence. The order of names in your References section needs to match the order of names in the published article.

As a rule, each time you cite somebody’s work, you include the names and the year of publication or presentation of the ideas. However, if you have just mentioned a source, you may not need to cite the year again. The general rule is that, within a given paragraph, you need to include the year only once. In subsequent paragraphs it is often a good idea to repeat the year so the reader is certain which source you are citing. If you are provid- ing a long discussion of a single reference, you may not need to include the year in each paragraph because there is little chance that the reader will be confused as to which work you are citing.

Citing One or Two Authors

Scientific publications very often include more than one author. When there are one or two authors, the format is entirely straightforward. Every time you mention work with one or two authors, you cite all names and the date.

As an example, consider Scheibe’s (2004) discussion of media literacy in which she cited two previous works as follows:

Even with a growing emphasis on technology skills and critical thinking, there are still only seven states that mandate media literacy as a separate strand in their state standards (Baker, 2004), and even those states have had difficulty grappling with how to assess media literacy as part of standardized state testing.

Kubcy and Baker (2000) have noted, however, that nearly all states do refer to aspects of media literacy education as part of the mandated state standards, although they do not typically use the phrase media literacy. (Scheibe, 2004, p. 62)

One of the citations inserts the author within parentheses. The second cita- tion mentions the authors in the text and puts the year of their work within

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References 103

parentheses. The citations are in bold in the example above just to show you how they look. Do not put them in bold in your own work.

Citing Sources With Three to Five Authors

If a publication or presentation involved three to five authors, you identify all the authors when you first mention the work. Then, in subsequent refer- ences to them, you list only the first author and follow it with this phrase “et al. ” (There should be a period after the phrase.) For instance, Stephenson, Pena-Shaff, and Quirk (2006) identified predictors of suicidal ideation among college students, citing the work of previous researchers:

Suicide rates for college students are about 7.5 per 100,000 per year but older students and males are at greater risk (Silverman, Meyer, Sloan, Raffel, & Pratt, 1997).…

In general, while the suicide rates of college student populations are lower than those of their non-college peers, many of the predictors of suicide are the same (Silverman et al., 1997). (Stephenson et al., 2006, p. 109)

As you can see in this quotation, the first citation includes all the authors of the work by Silverman and his colleagues. The second citation mentions only the first author followed by “et al. ” There is a period after al.

Citing Sources With Six or More Authors

Occasionally, a large group of people collaborate to create a publication or presentation. If there are six or more such people, the referencing format is a little different than when there are five or fewer. The referencing style below is appropriate for the work cited because there are 18 authors of the journal article. It would take up a lot of space and not be particularly useful to list all of them.

Academic psychologists are teachers as well as scholars. However, only recently have people noted the feasibility and the importance of linking the two (e.g., Halpern et al., 1998; …). (Beins, 2006, p. 11)

In this citation, Halpern is the only name that appears in the text. The first time you mention a reference in the body of your manuscript, cite all authors if there are five or fewer. In APA style, if there are six or more authors, you

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104 References

list only the first author, followed by et al. (with a period after al), which means and others in Latin, and the date of publication.

When a source involves more than seven authors, you type it in the References section a little differently than you would a source with fewer than seven. You include the names of only the first six authors, then you put a comma after the sixth author’s initials and then type three ellipsis points (…) followed by the name of the final author. This format omits the names of some authors altogether.

Citing Personal Communications

Sometimes you will have had communication with a scholar who has provided useful information that has not appeared in print. When this happens, you should refer to the communication in the text, but you do not list it in the References section.

Beins (2006) cited such personal communication, which includes the name of the person, an indication that it was a personal communication, and the date on which the communication occurred:

Teachers of psychology who submit materials to OTRP need to remember that the focus of materials published in OTRP is utilitarian. Theoretical justification for the project and the background literature are less important for resources in OTRP (Janet Carlson, personal communication, August 10, 2004). (Beins, 2006, p. 13)

Including this type of information gives appropriate credit to the person whose idea you mention, and it establishes the date, which could be important if the person changes his or her thoughts about the topic at some point.

Citing Multiple Sources Within Parentheses

If you cite more than one work within parentheses, there are certain rules for ordering them.

● Alphabetize the references by the last name of the first author. ● If you cite the same author more than once, put the author’s work in

chronological order, with the oldest first. ● If you cite an author who has more than one reference in a given year,

add letters to the date (e.g., Davis, 2004a, 2004b, 2004c).

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References 105

● Separate references to a single author or group of authors with a comma (e.g., Davis, 2002, 2004, 2006).

● Separate different authors or groups of authors with a semicolon (Davis, 2002, 2004, 2006; Smith, 1995).

Order of Citations in the Reference List

● The most basic rule is to alphabetize the reference list by the last name of the first author.

● If you cite two references for which the first author is the same for each, put them in chronological order.

● If you cite two references with the same first author, but different coauthors, alphabetize by the last name of the second (or third, etc.) author.

● If two references have the same authors, but one of the references has an additional author cited at the end, put the citation with fewer authors first in the reference list.

● Alphabetize names related to the Gaelic Mac, including Mc, Mac, and M′ using the exact letters in the name. So Mac would come before Mc, which would come before M′. Similarly, a last name like Saint James would come before St. James.

● If two different authors have the same last name, alphabetize by their initials (e.g., Smith, R. A. would precede Smith, S. L.)

● If a group has authored a work, use the first important word of the group name as the author’s name. (Words like The or An are not con- sidered important words, so you would ignore them in alphabetizing the work.)

Using Your Word-Processing Program to Create the Citation

In APA style references, the first line of the citation falls on the left margin. Each succeeding line is indented five spaces. This format is called a hanging indent. You could type in your reference, hitting the Enter key at the end of each line. But if you change your margins or insert or remove a word, the spacing of the citation may be inappropriate. It is easier to use your word processor to format the reference.

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106 References

When a single author is referenced

multiple times, use chronological

order; that is, put the oldest first.

• Alphabetize the references using last names and initials of authors. Keeps authors, names in the same order as in the original work.

• Using a hanging indent so that the first line is on the left margin and subsequent lines are indented.

Beins, B. C. (1993). Writing assignments in statistics classes encourage students to learn interpreta- tion. Teaching of Psychology, 20, 161–164. doi: 10.1207/s15328023top2003_6

Beins, B. C. (2006). The scholarship of teaching and pedagogy. In W. Buskist and S. F. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of teaching of psychology (pp. 11–15). Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Beins, B. C. Agnitti, J., Baldwin, V., Lapham, H., Yarmosky, S., Bubel, A., & MacNaughton, K., & Pashka, N. (2005, October). How expectations affect perception of offensive humor. Poster presented at the annual convention of the New England Psychological Association, New Haven, CT.

Halpern, D. F., Smothergill, D. W., Allen, M., Baker, S., Baum, C., Best, D. … Weaver, K. A. (1998). Scholarship in psychology: A paradigm for the twenty-first century. American Psychologist, 53, 1292–1297. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.12.1292

When a single author is referenced

multiple times, put the citations

with the fewest coauthors first.

Using Word® to create a hanging indent Type the reference in proper format without worrying about the hanging indent.

Select Format on the menu at the top, then Paragraph, then Indents and Spacing.

In the area labeled Indentation select the dropdown box Special. Highlight and select Hanging.

Click on OK.

Examples of How Different Types of References Should Be Laid Out

When there are more than seven

authors, list the first six, followed by

three ellipsis points, then the final

author.

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References 107

Articles in Periodicals

Reference to a journal article

Holmes, J. D. (2009). Transparency of self-report racial attitude scales. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 31, 95–101. doi: 10.1080/ 01973530902876884

Mathie, V. A., Buskist, W., Carlson, J. F., David, S. F., Johnson, D. E., & Smith, R. A. (2004). Expanding the boundaries of scholarship in psychology through teaching, research, service, and administration. Teaching of Psychology, 31, 233–240. doi: 10.1207/s15328023top3104_2

Rader, N., & Vaughn, L. A. (2000). Infant reaching to a hidden affordance: Evidence for intentionality. Infant Behavior & Development, 23, 531–541. doi: 10.1016/S0163-6383(01)00060-1

Scheibe, C. L. (2004). A deeper sense of literacy: Curriculum-driven approaches to media liter- acy in the K-12 classroom. The American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 60–68. doi: 10.1177/0002764204267251

Stephenson, H., Pena-Shaff, J., & Quirk, P. (2006). Predictors of college student suicidal ideation: Gender differences. College Student Journal, 40, 109–117.

Not all journal articles have a doi

designation.

When there are seven or fewer

authors, list them all.

Most journal articles have a doi

designation. Include it if the article

has one.

For ALL references,

the first line is on

the left margin. All

subsequent lines are

indented five spaces.

For ALL references, the last

name comes first, followed by

a comma, then the author’s

initials. Put a period after the

initials, then a comma before

the next name.

If there are two or more

authors, use a comma, a

space, then an ampersand

before the last name.

Put the year of

publication in

parentheses,

followed by a period.

If there is a

subtitle after a

colon, capitalize

the first word

after the colon.

Goldenberg, J. L., Pyszczynski, T., McCoy, K. M., Greenberg, J., & Solomon, S. (1999). Death, sex, love, and neuroticism: Why is sex such a problem? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1173–1187. doi:10.1037/ 0022-3514.77.6.1173

Capitalize the

first word of

the title.

• Italicize the title of the journal and the

volume number.

• Capitalize the first letter of all

important words in

the title

Identify the page numbers of the

journal article.

• Do NOT use p. or pp. to indicate pages.

• Do NOT use Vol. to indicate the volume.

• Do NOT indicate the issue number unless the first page in

each issue is listed as page 1,

which is very rare in scientific

journals.

If the article has a

doi designation,

include it. Many

articles, even older

ones, do.

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108 References

Reference to an article published online in advance of the printing of the journal

The format is almost identical to that of a journal article actually in print. It is good

practice to update the citation in your paper when the print article appears.

Swanson, H. L. (2011, August 22). Working memory, attention, and mathematical problem solving: A longitudinal study of elementary school children. Journal of Educational Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/ a0025114

Cite the actual date of

online publication (NOT the

date you retrieved it).

Indicate the journal name and the doi

designation if there is one. You will

not yet have the volume and page

numbers that are included in a

citation of material already in print.

Indicate that this

is an advance online

publication.

Reference to an Internet-only journal article

Indicate the exact date of

publication in as much detail

as possible.

Anderson, P. B., Spruille, B., Venable, R. H., & Strano, D. A. (2005, April 4). The rela- tionships between heavy episodic drinking, sexual assaulting and being sexually assaulted for southern urban university students. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, 8. Retrieved from http://www.ejhs.org/volume8/heavy_drinking.htm

Electronic journals may not have

page numbers.

Don't end the reference

with a period because

computers consider

punctuation marks as

part of a web address.

An extra period may

cause difficulty in

accessing the article.

Internet source of the

article

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References 109

Reference to a journal article with more than seven authors

Halpern, D. F., Smothergill, D. W., Allen, M., Baker, S., Baum, C., Best, D., . . . Weaver, K. A. (1998). Scholarship in psychology: A paradigm for the twenty-first century. American Psychologist, 53, 1292–1297.

When you cite a source that includes more than seven

authors, type only the first six, then add three ellipsis points to

signify that there are other authors, then list the final author.

Note: In the text, when there are more than seven authors, refer to them with

only the first author’s name followed by et al. (e.g., Halpern et al., 1998).

Reference for which a group is the author

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2004). Facts for families No. 10: Teen suicide. Retrieved September 21, 2006, from www.aacap.org/ publications/factsfam/suicide.htm

Note: The group takes the position of the author, regardless

of whether the citation is online or in a traditional journal.If a group has authored a paper,

list the group name as the author.

Indicate that this is a special

issue, using square brackets.

Reference for a special issue of a journal

For a special issue of the journal, indicate the editor, if there

is one, followed by the indication, Ed., in parentheses.

Nodine, B. F. (Ed.). (1990). Psychologists teach writing [Special issue]. Teaching of Psychology, 17(1).

Indicate the issue number to help the

reader find the particular issue.

Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

References Involving Books

Reference to an entire book

Italicize book titles.

Capitalize the first word of

the title.

If there is a subtitle following

a colon, capitalize the first

word after the colon.

Include the name of the city of

publication and an abbreviation of the

name of the state or the country of

publication, followed by a colon and a

space, then the publisher’s name.

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110 References

Reference to an electronic version of a print book

Galton, F. (1892). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences. Retrieved from http://www.galton.org/books/hereditary-genius/text/pdf/ galton-1869-genius-v3.pdf

Internet source of the book

Reference for an edited book

Indicate the editor with Ed. in parentheses. If there are multiple editors, use Eds.

Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.). (2000). Guide to publishing in psychology journals. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Include the name of the city of

publication and an abbreviation

of the name of the state or the

country of publication, followed

by a colon and a space, then

the publisher’s name.

Reference to a chapter in a book

• Capitalize the first word of

the chapter title.

• If there is a subtitle with a

colon, capitalize the first

word after the colon.

• Capitalize the first word

of the book title.

• Italicize the book title.

Include the name of the

city of publication and an

abbreviation of the name of

the state or the country of

publication, followed by a

colon and a space, then the

publisher’s name.

Identify the editor(s) of

the book, with initials

before the last name or

names of all editors.

• Give the page numbers

of the chapter.

• Use the abbreviation p.

for page or pp. for pages.

• The chapter title and

the page information

are NOT italicized.

Kendall, P. C., Silk, J. S., & Chu, B. C. (2000). Introducing your research report: Writing the introduction. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Guide to publishing in psychology journals (pp. 41–57). New York, NY: Cambridge.

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References 111

Reference to a book whose author is also the publisher

The organization is listed as the author. Put the

organization name first, as if it were a typical author.

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Instead of the publisher’s name,

just type the word Author, with the

first letter capitalized.

Include the name of the city of

publication and an abbreviation

of the name of the state or the

country of publication, followed

by a colon and a space, then the

publisher’s name.

Indicate the newsletter’s year of

publication, followed by a comma

and the month. If the exact day

of the month of publication is

available, include it.

• Italicize the publication.

• Include the volume number.

• Include the issue number

only if the first page of each

issue of the newsletter is

given as page 1.

If the article appears on

discontinuous pages,

indicate the pages on

which the article appears.

Reference to a newsletter article with discontinuous pages

Beins, B. C. (2005, Fall). Professional development through advanced placement psychology. Psychology Teacher Network, 15(3), 9, 16.

Indicate the date in as

much detail as listed in

the newsletter.

Beins, B. C. (2006, November). APA style: The style we love to hate. General Psychology Newsletter, 16, 29–31.

References to Newsletters

Reference to a newsletter article with an author

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112 References

Shape Up America! (n.d.). Body fat lab. Retrieved September 1, 2006, from http:// www.shapeup.org

Internet References

Reference to a multiple-page Internet site

• If there are multiple web pages on

a site with no identifiable author,

start with the web site’s name.

• When you cite the URL, give the

entry page for the web site.

If there is no date for the document,

type n.d. to indicate “no date.”

Do NOT end the web address with a period.

When the author has a screen

name, use it to design ate the

author, even if you know the

person’s actual name.

Reference to a blog post

Verla (2011, April 24). There’s a word for everything [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://wordswordswords.info/2011/04/24/there%E2%80%99s-a-word-for- everything/

Include the name of the city of

publication and an abbreviation

of the name of the state or the

country of publication, followed

by a colon and a space, then the

publisher’s name.

Reference to an Encyclopedia Entry

Elisha Gray (1974). In The Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 4, p. 691). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.

If there is no author listed, put

the title of the entry, which in this

example is Elisha Gray, where the

author’s name usually goes.

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References 113

References to Presentations

Reference to a presentation given at a conference or other meeting

McCarthy, M., & Beins, B. C. (2005, January). Sharing the commitment to learning: Working toward a common goal. Paper presented at the National Institute on the Teaching of Psychology, St. Petersburg, FL.

Specify the conference and

where it took place.

Indicate the year and the

month of the presentation.

• Italicize the title of the presentation.

• Capitalize the first word of the title

and the first word of the subtitle.

Specify the conference and

where it took place.

Indicate the year and the month.

• Do NOT italicize the title of the

talk within the symposium.

• DO italicize the title of the

symposium.

Specify the conference and

where it took place.

Indicate the year and the

month of the presentation.

• Italicize the title of the

presentation.

• Capitalize the first word of the title

and the first word of the subtitle.

Reference to a poster presentation given at a conference or other meeting

Beins, B. C. (2005, October). Online psychological laboratory: A free resource for experiments and demonstrations. Poster session at the North eastern Conference for Teachers of Psychology, New Haven, CT.

Reference to a symposium at a conference or other meeting

Insert a comma between the name

of the conference and its location.

Weaver, K. A. (2006, August). Building community through professional develop- ment. In D. C. Appleby (Chair), Curricular and extracurricular community- building strategies for psychology departments. Symposium conducted at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.

Beins APA_c08.indd 113Beins APA_c08.indd 113 2/10/2012 12:13:16 AM2/10/2012 12:13:16 AM

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