Practical Connection Essay_ CLoud Computing
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APAFormatting7thEdition.pptxAPA Formatting – 7th Edition
Dr. Byrian Ramsey
Reference
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th Edition.
Note: Slide information are referenced from the above APA formatting manual.
General Formatting Guidelines
Font – use the same font throughout the entire paper or manuscript
a sans serif font such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, or 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode or a serif font such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or normal (10-point) Computer Modern (the latter is the default font for LaTeX) (Section 2.19)
Recommended: Calibri (11 pt.) or Times New Roman (12 pt.)
Margins - Use 1-in. (2.54-cm) margins on all sides (top, bottom, left, and right) of the page. This is the default page margin in most word-processing programs. Dissertations and theses may have different requirements if they are to be bound (e.g., 1.5-in. left margins) (Section 2.22)
Paragraph Alignment - Align the text to the left and leave the right margin uneven (“ragged”). Do not use full justification, which adjusts the spacing between words to make all lines the same length (flush with the margins). Do not manually divide words at the end of a line, and do not use the hyphenation function to break words at the ends of lines. Do not manually insert line breaks into long DOIs or URLs; however, breaks in DOIs or URLs applied automatically by a word processing program are permissible (Section 2.23)
General Formatting Guidelines (Cont’d)
Paragraph Indenting - Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 in. For consistency, use the tab key or the automatic paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. The default settings in most word-processing programs are acceptable. The remaining lines of the paragraph should be left-aligned (Section 2.24 – see this section for additional exceptions)
No color in all the paper – only black words and white background – do not use any special colors or formatting in the paper because it “looks good.” If it is not APA formatting, then it is not right. No creative effects.
If using numbering lists or bullet lists, ensure to explain in many sentences the point of the list. Also explain each numbered or bulleted item. Ideally, each numbered or bulleted item should be a section heading (Level 2 or 3) depending on the paper topic.
Double spacing throughout the entire document (including title, references, table of contents, abstract, etc.).
General Formatting Guidelines (Cont’d)
Avoid contractions (don’t, can’t, etc.). Numerals under 10 should be spelled out. One instead of 1, two instead of 2… etc.
Past tense verbs should be used to refer to events that occurred at a specific point in the past
Third-person only (not first-person).
Do not use “he” or “she” as a generic pronoun to use “they” or rephrase the sentence.
Avoid biased language that reveals sex, gender, race, disability, socio-economic status, etc.
What is Paraphrasing?
Paraphrases state the ideas of another in the author’s own words.
APA prioritizes paraphrasing over quoting – should reduce direct quoting to a very few, if at all.
Published authors primarily paraphrase and students should learn to emulate this style.
Use the author-date citation system to attribute paraphrased ideas.
In subsequent slides there are examples of in-text citations.
Title Page Formatting
Running head: Running heads are required only for manuscripts being submitted for publication. Running heads are not required for student papers unless the instructor or institution requests them; thus, the header for a student paper includes only the page number (Section 2.8).
Neither the University or myself require a Running head; however, I recommend it because it is required when publishing works.
Write the running head in the page header, flush left, in all-capital letters, across from the right-aligned page number. Use the same running head on every page, including the title page; do not include the label “Running head” to identify the running head on any page (Section 2.8).
Title Page Formatting
Title Centered, Bold, Proper Case
Blank Line
Author
Affiliation (Department and/or College/University)
Class, including section
Professor’s Proper Name
Paper Due Date
See next slide for example (Figure 2.2)
Title Page Formatting (Cont’d) Example
Abstract Formatting
An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the paper (Section 2.9).
Abstracts typically are limited to no more than 250 words. If you are submitting a work for publication, check the journal’s instructions for authors for abstract length and formatting requirements, which may be different from those of APA journals. Place the abstract on its own page after the title page (i.e., page 2). Write the section label “Abstract” in bold title case, centered at the top of the page, and place the abstract below the label (Section 2.9).
Abstracts may appear in paragraph or structured format. Abstracts in paragraph format are written as a single paragraph without indentation of the first line. Structured abstracts are also written as a single paragraph without indentation, and labels are inserted to identify various sections (e.g., Objective, Method, Results, Conclusions); use the labels and formatting prescribed by the journal to which you are submitting your manuscript (e.g., APA journals use bold italic for the labels) (Section 2.9).
Table of Contents Formatting
Table of contents are not required; however, if they are used, ensure they are double spaced like the other requirements in APA formatting.
The sections headings within the table of contents should be appropriately aligned depending on the section heading level.
Title the page “Table of Contents” and center the title at the top of the page.
Use an outline format for the different sections of your paper. For the main headings, use Roman numerals. Follow by using Arabic numerals to list any sub-level headings. If you have lower-level headings, list them using lower-case letters.
All main headings should be flush-left.
Sub-headings should be indented five spaces.
All entries should use title case.
Identity the page number where each heading and subheading begin flush-right. Include dot leaders between the headings and the page number to improve readability.
Table of Contents Formatting (Cont’d) Example
First Page of Paper/Manuscript Formatting
Title of the paper is centered, bold, with proper case.
Do not use the section heading “Introduction.” The introduction is assumed in the beginning of the paper/manuscript.
Right after the title of the paper, begin the next line, indenting the paragraph and starting the introduction (Figure 2.4).
Section Headers Formatting
Use the following table for proper section headings (Section 2.27, Table 2.3, p. 48).
In-Text Citations
In-text citations are required if references are provided.
On in-text citation should appear in the paper/manuscript for each reference in the reference section at the end of the paper/manuscript.
Two types of in-text citations
Parenthetical citation – a citation where the author(s) is (are) paraphrased and not directly called out in the statement.
Example: Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
Narrative citation – a citation where the author(s) is (are) called out in the statement.
Example: Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
Direct quotes require quotation marks around the text; however, direct quotes with quotation marks are limited to fewer than 40 words (Section 8.26, page 271).
Direct (also known as block quotes) quotes with 40 or more words require to be block indented. The entire wording does not have quotes, but fully indented (Section 8.27, p. 272).
Author Formatting in In-Text Citations
Reference section 8.17, Table 8.1, p. 266
Reference Formatting
There are several different types of references. Please consult the examples in the back of the APA formatting manual for examples.
General Formatting:
References start a new page with References centered, bold, and capitalized.
Authors should be in alphabetical order according to the first author in the list.
Within the reference citation, the authors should be in the order according to the publication. Do not alphabetize authors within the citation.
Put a period in between reference elements
Use commas to separate parts of an element
Capitalize the letter of titles, subtitles (after the : ), and proper nouns
Use proper URL’s and DOIs when available – not necessary to use “Retrieved from” in APA 7th Edition.
