EN 121- Create an annotated bibliograph
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APADocumentingSources1.docxDocumenting Sources: Reference List & In Text Citation
You have probably written many research papers for school and therefore you are familiar with documenting or giving credit to your sources. The same practice holds true in the business world as you need to provide your reader with the sources of your information within the body of the report, known as in-text citation, and at the end of your report in a reference list. Most science based courses, including business, utilizes the Publication of the American Psychological Association style manual; a standardized format for documenting sources. Included in these lecture notes is an updated step by step APA reference list guide based on the APA 6th edition, which basically walks you through the process. In addition, I have included the in-text citation format for paraphrased material and direct quotes.
****Print out notes and utilize them when preparing your reference list for your projects.
You must give credit to your sources in the body of the text/report which basically requires the author(s) name(s), year/copyright of the material, and the page numbers.
Paraphrasing Material: (Using the ideas of another in your own words)
You may paraphrase material, but you MUST include the author’s name as part of your sentence in parenthesis.
Examples:
According to Walker (1991), battered woman’s syndrome occurs when a woman
remains in a violent relationship over a long period of time and is not capable of
leaving because she fears death.
OR
Walker (1991, pp.221-223) states that battered woman’s syndrome occurs when a
woman remains in a violent relationship over a long period of time and is not
capable of leaving because she fears death.
OR
Battered woman’s syndrome occurs when a woman remains in a violent relationship over a long
period of time and is not capable of leaving because she fears death (Walker, 1991).
Material directly quoted from another author’s work or verbatim instructions should be reproduced word for word.
Quotations of fewer than 40 words should be incorporated into the text enclosed with quotation marks. When quoting always provide the author, year, and if possible the page number in the text. Place punctuation marks (periods & commas) inside the quotation marks or at the end of the entire sentence if the citation is part of the entire sentence.
Example:
Miele (1999) found that “children who witnessed their parents abusive behavior were 4
times more likely to be involved in abusive relationships as adults than children who did
not witness acts of domestic violence” (p.214).
OR
Evidence suggests that “children who witnessed their parents abusive behavior were 4
times more likely to be involved in abusive relationships as adults than children who did
not witness acts of domestic violence” (Miele, 1999, p.214).
OR
Peter Drucker (2000, p.20) defines domestic violence as “a pattern of coercive acts
administered by one family member in order to gain compliance from another family
member.”
**If your research material has two authors cite both authors last names using an ampersand symbol & (located above the number 7 on your key board) instead of the word “and”.
Example:
Drucker & Walker (1995, pp.137-142) “state that if an abusive partner has used violence
in the past, then the mere threat of violence is often enough to gain compliance.”
Direct quotations of more than 40 words should be set apart from the text without quotation marks. Indent each line five spaces and double space quoted material.
Example:
Domestic violence is defined as:
a pattern of coercive acts administered by one family member in order to gain
compliance from another family member. These acts can include physical
violence, as well as; psychological abuse, financial abuse, sexual abuse, and the
threat to expose one’s sexual orientation or HIV status. Over time this behavior
places the abused family member in a state of fear or learned helplessness
(Drucker, 2000, p.20).
OR
Drucker (2000) defines domestic violence as:
a pattern of coercive acts administered by one family member in order to gain
compliance from another family member. These acts can include physical
violence, as well as; psychological abuse, financial abuse, sexual abuse, and the
threat to expose one’s sexual orientation or HIV status. Over time this behavior
places the abused family member in a state of fear or learned helplessness (p 20).
OR
Drucker (2000, p.20) states that:
a pattern of coercive acts administered by one family member in order to gain
compliance from another family member. These acts can include physical
violence, as well as; psychological abuse, financial abuse, sexual abuse, and the
threat to expose one’s sexual orientation or HIV status. Over time this behavior
places the abused family member in a state of fear or learned helplessness.
Order of the Reference List:
1. Each individual entry begins at the left margin and all subsequent lines are indented 5 spaces.
1. The entire reference list is double spaced.
1. Arrange entries of the reference list in alphabetical order by the last name of the first author.
1. If numerous works by the same author then arrange by year of publication with the earliest first: 1996 entry precedes 1999 entry.
1. Group authors (associations, governments, agencies) are alphabetized by the first significant word of the name.
1. Certain cities DO NOT require a 2 letter state abbreviation including: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, New York City, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, & San Francisco.
Book with One Author
1. Type the author’s last name followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the author’s first initial, followed by a period and a space.
1. In parentheses type the copyright year followed by a period and a space.
1. In italics type the book title. Use an initial capital letter on the first word but use lower case letters for the remaining words (Unless Proper Noun). If there is no edition number, place a period after the title, then a space.
** If edition number available: type a space, then place edition number in abbreviated format in parenthesis (2nd ed., 3rd ed., 4th ed., etc) followed by a period.
1. Type the city of publication, followed by a colon and a space.
1. Type the publisher’s name, followed by a period.
Parris, C.A. (1989). Mastering executive arts and skills. New York:
Atheneum.
Parris, C.A. (1989). Mastering executive arts and skills (2nd ed.). New York:
Atheneum.
Book with Two or More Authors.
1. Type the first author’s last name followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the first author’s first initial followed by a period and a space.
1. Type an ampersand symbol “&” located above the #7 key on your keyboard.
1. Type the second author’s last name followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the second author’s first initial followed by a period and a space.
***Continue with rules for Book w/ One Author
Johnson, T. & Michaels, J. (2005). Coping with report writing. New Canan,
CT: Doubleday.
Chapter of a Book
1. Type the author’s last name followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the author’s first initial, followed by a period and a space.
1. In parentheses type the copyright year followed by a period and a space.
1. Type the title of the chapter in plain type. Use an initial capital letter on the first word but use lower case letter for the remaining words (Unless Proper Noun), place a period after the title, then a space.
1. Type the word “In” in plain type followed by the book title in italics. Use an initial capital letter on the first word but use lower case letter for the remaining words (Unless Proper Noun). Place a period after the title, then a space.
1. Type the page numbers in parenthesis. Use “pp.” followed by a period for a range of pages. Followed by a period and a space.
1. Type the city of publication and two letter state abbreviation, followed by a colon and a space.
1. Type the publisher’s name followed by a period.
Thompson, P. R. (2002). Female killers. In Serial and spree killers
(pp. 145-160). Santa Fe, N.M.: Random House.
Book with an Author and an Editor
1. Type the author’s last name followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the author’s first initial, followed by a period and a space.
1. In parentheses type the copyright year followed by a period and a space.
1. In italics type the book title. Use an initial capital letter on the first word but use lower case letter for the remaining words (Unless Proper Noun).
1. Type an opening parenthesis.
1. Type the editor’s first initial, a period and a space.
1. Type the editor’s middle initial, followed by a period and a space.
1. Type the editor’s last name, followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the abbreviation “Ed.” followed by a comma and a space. **Use capital E
1. Type a closing parenthesis.
1. Type the city of publication and two letter state abbreviation, followed by a colon and a space.
1. Type the publisher’s name followed by a period.
Harrison, W.B. (2007). The investigative process. (M.K. Jones, Ed.).
Sacramento, CA: Thompson Press.
Newspaper Article With an Author (Print Version)
1. Type the author’s last name followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the author’s first initial, followed by a period and a space.
1. In parentheses type the copyright year, followed by a comma, a space, the month of publication (provide day if available), then a period and a space.
1. Type the title of the article in plain type. Use an initial capital letter on the first word but use lower case letter for the remaining words (Unless Proper Noun). Use punctuation mark that ends title (i.e., ! ? .)
1. In italics , type the newspaper title (Usually a Proper Noun – so use capital letters for first letter of each word), and follow with a comma and a space.
1. Type the letter “p” or “pp” followed by a period, then the section letter (if available) and page numbers followed by a period.
Jones, J. T. (1999, December 10). Is an upturn in California’s economy years
away? Los Angeles Times, p. B24
Newspaper Article (Electronic Format)
1- Follow rules for Print Newspaper Article and after the bibliographic info include:
2- URL (should link directly to the article)
Jones, J. T. (1999, December 10). Is an upturn in California’s economy years
away? Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/
b24/metro/ december101999
Print Journal Article With One Author.
1. Type author’s last name, followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type author’s first initial (not full first name), followed by a period and a space, then the middle initial (if available), followed by a period and a space.
1. In parentheses type the copyright year followed by a period and a space.
1. Type the title of the article in plain type. Use a capital letter on the first word, but use lower case letters for the remaining words (Unless Proper Noun). End with a period and a space.
1. Type the journal title. Use initial capital letter on all main words of four letters or more. Follow title with a comma, a space, and type volume number (if available). Italicize the title and volume number. Place the issue number (if available) in parenthesis and follow with a comma.
1. Type a space and enter the page numbers followed by a period.
Matthews, Y.A. (1993). Electronic communication in large organizations.
Technical Communication, 39 (2), 60-65.
Print Journal Article With Two Authors
1. Type the first author’s last name, followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the first author’s initial followed by a period, a comma, and a space.
1. Type an ampersand symbol (&) ** located on the number 7 key and a space.
1. Type the second author’s last name, followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the second author’s first initial followed by a period and a space.
1. ** Journal bibliographic information is same as above.
Matthews, Y., & Jones, T. (1993). Electronic communication in large
organizations. Technical Communication, 39 (2), 60-65.
Print Journal Article With Three to Six Authors
1. Type the first author’s last name, followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the first author’s initial followed by a period, a comma, and a space.
1. Type the second author’s last name, followed by a comma and a space.
1. Repeat step #3 for all authors except the last.
1. After the next to last author’s first initial type an ampersand symbol (&) and a space.
1. Type the last author’s name, followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the last author’s first initial, followed by a period and a space.
1. ** Journal bibliographic information is same as above.
Matthews, Y., Jones, T., Green, R., & Samuelson, M. (1993). Electronic
communication in large organizations. Technical Communication, 39
(2), 60-65.
Journal Article (Electronic Format)
Follow rules for Print Journal Article and after the bibliographic info include:
1. URL (should link directly to the article)
Matthews, Y.A. (1993). Electronic communication in large organizations.
Technical Communication, 39 (2), 60-65. Retrieved from
http://www.journaloftechnologytoday.com/volume2/5432b.html
Journal Article (Electronic Format- From a Subscription Database) Follow rules for Print Journal Article and after the bibliographic info include database name
**Don’t include URL if well known database (Proquest, JSTOR, Lexis Nexis, etc).
Stephens, W. (2006, Fall). Men who batter. Psychology Today, 23-29.Retrieved from Proquest database.
Standard website
1. Type the author’s name or organization’s name in full, followed by a period and a space. Use an initial capital letter on all words of importance.
1. Type date of publication/copyright, or if no date available type the letters (n.d.) in parenthesis, followed by a period and a space.
1. In italics, type the name of the webpage . Use an initial capital letter on the first word but use lower case letter for the remaining words (Unless Proper Noun).
1. Type the word “Retrieved from” followed by a space.
1. Type the complete URL.
American Business Association. (2004). Opportunities in many Italian
companies. Retrieved from http://www.aba.com
Johnson, P. (2006). Death sentences overturned via DNA evidence.
Retrieved from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org / dna/johnson/html.
Government/Corporate Report (Website - electronic version)
1. Type the Government and Agency, followed by a period and a space.
1. In parenthesis type the copyright year, followed by a period and a space. If no copyright year provided in parenthesis type (n.d.), followed by a period and a space.
1. Type the report title in italics. Use an initial capital letter on the first word but use lower case letter for the remaining words (Unless Proper Noun).
1. If there is a report number type it in parenthesis, and follow with a period and a space.
1. Type “Retrieved from” and include complete URL
United States Department of Juvenile Justice. (1999). Juvenile offenders
reentry into communities (DJJ Publication No. 99-253). Retrieved from
http://www.usdjj.gov/reentry/community_pdf.
State and Federal Statutes
1. Type the name of the act, followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the volume number, followed by a space
1. Type the source name, followed by a space
1. Type the Section Symbol “§” (in MS Word 2007 go to symbols Latin 1 Supplement & insert this symbol), followed by a space, and the section numbers, followed by a comma.
In parenthesis, type any other references the act followed by a period.
*** If reference continues to a second line double space the second line and indent.
Prison Reform Act, 8 Calif. Stat. Ann. §§ 24-8763-9201 (1999 & Supp.
2001).
Court Cases
You need to know the court abbreviations and their corresponding meaning when referencing court cases:
Abbreviation Meaning
v. versus
Cong. U.S. Congress
H.R. House of Representatives
H.R. Res. House of Representatives Resolution
S. Senate
S. Res. Senate Resolution
Reg. Regulation
Res. Resolution
Sess. Session
F. Federal Reporter
F. 2d Federal Reporter, Second Series
F. Supp. Federal Supplement
U.S.C. United States Code
Cong. Rec. Congressional Record
Fed. Reg. Federal Register
WL Westlaw
1. Type name of the decision, followed by a comma and a space. Be sure to use the “v” in the decision name.
1. Type the volume number of the published source in which the case is listed followed by a space.
1. Type the source name in abbreviated format (See above for meaning of abbreviations), followed by a space.
1. In parenthesis, type the court name and a space. Type the date.
*** If reference continues to a second line double space the second line and indent.
Smith v. Jones, 234 F. Supp. 1394 (D. Calif. 1984).
Federal Bills or Resolutions
1. Type the source name (see abbreviations above) and the bill or resolution number, followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the Congressional or Senate number, followed by a comma and a space.
1. Type the abbreviation “Cong.” Or “Sen.” Followed by a space
1. Type the session number, followed by a space.
1. Type the abbreviation “Sess.” Followed by a space
1. Type the source number, followed by a space
1. Type the source name in abbreviated form, followed by a space.
1. Type the page number followed by a space
1. In parenthesis type the year in which the bill or resolution was passed.
*** If reference continues to a second line double space the second line and indent.
S. Res. 5936, 102d Cong., 1st Sess. 139 Cong. Rec. 4325 (1993).
